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Hard stuff to remember > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

macular degeneration retina appearance

A
  • normal disc
  • unusual pigmentation around macula
  • drusen
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2
Q

central retinal vein occlusion retina appearance

A
  • ‘stormy sunset’ appearance
  • engorged veins
  • haemorrhages
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3
Q

Hypertensive retinopathy retina appearance

A
  • narrow and tortuous retinal arteries
  • haemorrhages
  • if more advanced then ‘starburst’ exudates and papilloedema
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4
Q

Papilloedema retina appearance

A
  • swollen disc
  • disc margin has disappeared (blurred outline)
  • congested veins
  • disc may obscure sections of retinal arteries
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5
Q

Disc cupping/ glaucoma retina appearance

A
  • pale optic disc

- high disc to cup ratio (middle bit gets bigger)

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6
Q

background/mild diabetic retinopathy appearance

A
  • haemorrhages and micro-aneurisms
  • hard exudates
  • soft exudates/cotton wool spots
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7
Q

proliferative diabetic retinopathy

A
  • haemorrhages and micro-aneurisms
  • exudates/cotton wool spots
  • new vessel formation!!
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8
Q

some causes behind retinal artery occlusion

what can you do about it?

A
  • carotid artery disease
  • infective emboli from heart

-ocular massage?

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9
Q

Retinal artery occlusion retina appearance

A
  • pale oedematous retina
  • threadlike vessels
  • fovea will still appear red (cherry red spot)
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10
Q

potential treatment for retinal vein occlusion

A
  • carbonic anyhydrase inhibitors

- lower ocular pressure to encourage venous flow

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11
Q

what might make you loose red reflex?

A
  • retinoblastoma (kids)
  • vitreous haemorrhage
  • retinal detachment
  • cataracts
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12
Q

symptoms of wed macular degeneration

A
  • rapid central vision loss

- distortion of images (metamorphosia)

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13
Q

treatment of acute closed angle glaucoma

A
  • pilocarpine eye drops (constrict pupil)

- carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

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14
Q

what is hutchinson’s sign?

A
  • refers to V1 shingles
  • cutaneous involvement of the tip of the nose indicates the nasocilliary nerve is affected
  • this increases the likelihood of ocular complications
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15
Q

most common cause of viral conjunctivitis

A

-adenovirus (pink eye)

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16
Q

what is keratitis?

A

-inflammation of the epithelium, stoma and endothelium of cornea

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17
Q

what causes dendritic ulcers

A

-herpetic keratitis

18
Q

treatment of keratitis

A

depends on cause:

  • antibiotic drops (chloramphenicol, levofloxacin?)
  • aciclovir
  • antiseptic drops (for fungal and antibiotics won’t work)

DO NOT GIVE STEROIDS -> CORNEAL MELT

19
Q

cause of central corneal ulcer

A

-usually an infective cause

20
Q

cause of a peripheral corneal ulcer

A
  • usually and autoimmune cause

- e.g. RA, vasculitis

21
Q

signs of uveitis (middle layer of eye inflammation)

A
  • flare in anterior chamber (due to inflammatory cells)
  • keratic precipitates, hypopyon
  • small/irregular pupil (synechiae)
22
Q

what does cyclopentolate do?

A
  • mydratic

- dilates pupil

23
Q

what helps to differentiate between scleritis and episcleritis?

A
  • phenylephrine drops

- if scleritis the redness wont go away

24
Q

what is episcleritis associated with?

A
  • gout

- systemic disease e.g. UC

25
Q

what is chorioretinitis?

what causes it?

A
  • inflammation of the choroid (pigmented layer of eye)
  • toxoplasmosis, CMV, symphilis, TB
  • may see floating black spots in vision
  • ‘salt and pepper’ retina
26
Q

appearance of CNVI nerve palsy

A
  • esotropia
  • convergent strabismus
  • i.e. affected eye turns inwards due to weakness of lateral rectus
27
Q

appearance of CNIV nerve palsy

A
  • hypertropia (with some esotropia)
  • patient may tilt head to compensate
  • i.e. eye is up and in and struggles to look down and in
28
Q

CNIII nerve palsy appearance

A
  • exotropia and hypotropia
  • i.e. eye is positioned down and out
  • ptosis
  • mydriasis (dilated pupil)
29
Q

likely diagnosis is lens detaches superiorly

A

Marfan’s syndrome

30
Q

what do short ciliary nerves carry?

what is their main function?

A
  • sympathetic nerve fibres (from sympathetic trunk exiting cord T1)
  • parasympathetic nerve fibres!!

-pupil constriction

31
Q

what do long ciliary nerves carry?

what is their main function?

A
  • sympathetic nerve fibres (from sympathetic trunk exiting cord T1)
  • somatic sensory fibres

-blink reflex

32
Q

what is horner’s syndrome and some of its symptoms?

A

-interruption of sympathetic fibres leaving trunk at T1 and travelling up neck

  • miosis (pupil constriction)
  • ptosis
  • reduced sweating
  • increased warmth/redness
33
Q

what produces CSF

A
  • choroid plexus

- located in lateral, third and fourth ventricles

34
Q

Best steroid for penetrating cornea and why?

A
  • prednisolone acetate

- hydrophobic

35
Q

best steroid for remain on eye exterior surface and why?

A
  • prednisolone phosphate

- hydrophilic

36
Q

example of prostanoid

A

-lotanoprost

37
Q

mechanism of action of lotanoprost

A
  • prostaglandin analogue
  • increases sclera permeability to aqueous fluid
  • thus increases aqueous fluid outflow
38
Q

why are beta blockers useful in glaucoma

A
  • block sympathetic stimulation of ciliary bodies

- so reduces aqueous fluid formation

39
Q

examples of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

A
  • dorzolamide
  • methazolamide
  • acetazolamide
40
Q

alpha2 adrenergic agonists example and mechanism

A
  • brimonidine
  • activates G protein which inhibits cAMP
  • stops aqueous humour production
  • also increase prostaglandin production which increase sclera permiability to aqueous fluid
41
Q

what does pilocarpine do?

A

constricts pupil

Hard stuff to remember (10 decks)

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