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Neuro And Special Senses > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of age related macular degeneration?

A

Dry

Wet

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2
Q

Which is the most common type of AMD?

A

Dry

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3
Q

What are the stages of diabetic Retinopathy?

A

Background
Pre-proliferative
Proliferative

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4
Q

What would you see in a congenital Horner’s?

A

Ptosis
Miosis
Heterochromia -eyes are different colours

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5
Q

What are the types of conjunctivitis?

A

Bacterial
Viral
Allergic

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6
Q

What are the 2 refractive parts of the eye?

A

Cornea

Lens

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7
Q

Describe short sightedness

A

Myopia

When the refraction is such that the light does not focus on the retina itself but in front of it

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8
Q

Describe long sightedness

A

The angle of refraction is such that the light focuses behind the retina

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9
Q

What is strabismus?

A

A squint

Where the eyes point in different directions

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10
Q

What is the management of a squint?

A

Eye patch
Glasses
Eye exercises
Corrective surgery

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11
Q

What is inter nuclear opthalmoplegia?

A

Disorder of conjugate lateral gaze. The affected eye shows impairment of adduction.

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12
Q

Internuclear opthalmoplegia tells us there is injury of the…

A

Medial longitudinal fasciculus

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13
Q

Give 2 causes of INO

A

MS

Stroke

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14
Q

What is giant cell arteritis

A

A systemic, immune mediated vasculitis affecting the medium and large arteries

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15
Q

What are the risk factors for GCA?

A

PMR
European
60-80 years old
Genetics

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16
Q

Describe the symptoms of GCA

A 
Recent onset temporal headache
Myalgia, malaise, fever
Scalp tenderness
Transient visual sx 
Jaw and tongue claudication
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17
Q

What investigations are done for suspected GCA?

A

ESR, CRP, Platelets

Temporal artery biopsy

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18
Q

Describe an Argyll Robertson pupil

A

Bilateral, small, irregular pupils
Absence of light reflex
Prompt accommodation
Pupils dilate slowly with drops

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19
Q

What are the causes of Argyll Robertson pupil?

A

Diabetic retinopathy

Syphilis

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20
Q

Give sx of conjunctivitis

A 
Red eye
Watery 
Discharge
Crushing of lid margins
Flu like sx
21
Q

What is the mx of conjunctivitis?

A

Eye bathing
Avoid towel sharing
Topical abx if needed
Topical lubricants

22
Q

How do you treat suspected chlamydia conjunctivitis?

A

Swab

Oral tetracycline or azithromycin

23
Q

What are the symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis?

A 
Bilateral red eyes
Itch 
Watering 
Eyelid oedema 
Conjunctival swelling - chemosis
24
Q

What is the management of corneal abrasions?

A

Usually self resolve in 48 hours

Topical chloramphenicol if needed

25
Q

What are the 3 main layers of the globe?

A

Conjunctiva
Episclera
Sclera

26
Q

How does episcleritis present?

A

Unilateral redness

Uncomfortable not painful

27
Q

How does scleritis present?

A

Painful
Intense redness of sclera and episcleral vessels
Scleral necrosis

28
Q

What conditions is scleritis associated with?

A 
RA
vasculitis
Wegener‘s granulomatosos 
SLE
Spondyloarthopathies
29
Q

What is the management of scleritis?

A

NSAID

local steroid

30
Q

Anterior uveitis is inflammation of …

A

Iris and ciliary body

31
Q

Describe the presentation of anterior uveitis

A

Acute onset pain, photophobia, watering

Red eye

32
Q

Intermediate uveitis is inflammation in the…

A

Vitreous

33
Q

What symptoms are associated with intermediate uveitis?

A

Floaters

Blurred vision

34
Q

Posterior uveitis is inflammation of the …

A

Choroid

Retina

35
Q

What are the symptoms of posterior uveitis?

A

Painless blurring of vision
Floaters
Photopsia - flashing lights

36
Q

What is the management of uveitis?

A

Anti microbial +/- steroid

37
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

The diminished ability of the lens to accommodate with age

38
Q

What are the drugs given for glaucoma?

A

Prostaglandin analogues
Beta blockers
Alpha agonists
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

39
Q

What might you find on examination of the eyes in a patient with thyroid eye disease?

A 
Proptosis 
Decreased colour vision 
Restrictive strabismus
Eyelid retraction
Exposure keratitis 
Chemosis 
Periorbital swelling
40
Q

What is the mean age of diagnosis of retinoblastoma?

A

18 months

41
Q

What is the most common signs of retinoblastoma?

A

White pupillary reflex

Leukocoria

42
Q

Describe dry AMD

A

Oxidative stress and inflammation cause
Retinal waste products accumulate in the retinal pigmented epithelium impairing it’s function and causing photoreceptor damage

43
Q

Describe wet AMD

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor plays a role and vessels grow through choroid and into the retina
Can give anti-VEGF

44
Q

What signs might be seen in pre-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

A 
Microaneurysms 
Haemorrhages
Hard exudates
Cotton wool spots
Venous beading
45
Q

What distinguishes proliferative retinopathy?

A

Neovsascularisation

46
Q

What are the treatments for diabetic retinopathy?

A

Anti VEGF injections
Panretinal photocoagulation laser
Macular laser
Vitrectomy

47
Q

Describe a relative afferent pupillary defect

A

When the light is moved quickly form eye to eye, both pupils constrict initially.
Paradoxical dilation is seen in the eye with the effect on moving the light back to that eye.

48
Q

What are the causes of RAPD?

A 
Optic nerve disorders eg. Neuritis
GCA
glaucoma
Orbital disease
Ischaemic retina 
Retinal detachment
Severe macular degeneration

Neuro And Special Senses (5 decks)

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