Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

neurology STEP 2 > ophthalmology > Flashcards

ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

viral vs bacterial conjunctivitis - transmissible? itchy? adenopathy, vision?

A

viral –> not itchy, easiy transmissible, PREAURICULAR adenopathy, normal vision
bacterial –> itchy, poorly transmissible, no adenopathy, normal vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

red eye (opthalmologic emergencies) - types and presentation

A
  1. conjunctivitis: itchy eyes with discharge
  2. uveitis autoimmune disease
  3. glaucoma: pain
  4. abrasion: trauma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

red eye (opthalmologic emergencies) - types and eye findings

A
  1. conjunctivitis: normal pupil
  2. uveitis: photophobia
  3. glaucoma: fixed midpoint pupil
  4. abrasion: like sand in the eye
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

red eye (opthalmologic emergencies) - types and most accurate test

A
  1. conjunctivitis: clinical diagnosis
  2. uveitis: slit lamp examination
  3. glaucoma: tonometry
  4. abrasion: fluorescein stain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

red eye (opthalmologic emergencies) - types and best initial therapy

A
  1. conjunctivitis: topical antibiotics
  2. uveitis: topical steroids
  3. glaucoma: acetazolamide, mannitol, pilocarpine, laser trabeculoplasty
  4. abrasion: no specific therapy, patch not clearly beneficial
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chronic glaucoma - presentation / diagnosed by / confirmed by (findings)

A

diagnosed by routine screening

confirmation with tonometry –> extremely elevated intraocular pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

chronic glaucoma - drugs

A
  1. prostaglading analogues: latanoprost, travoprost, bimatoprost
  2. topical beta blockers: timolol, carteolol, metipranolol, betaxolol, levobunolol
  3. topical carboic anhydrase inh: dorzolamide, brinzolamide
  4. alpha-2 agonists: apraclonidine
  5. pilocarpine
  6. laser trabeuloplasty (if medical treatment fail)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

chronic glaucoma - prostagladin analogues - drugs and purpose

A

latanoprost, travoprost, bimatoprost

increase outflow of aqueous humor (uveoscleral flow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

chronic glaucoma - topical beta blockers - drugs and purpose

A

timolol, carteolol, metipranolol, betaxolol, levobunolol

decrease synthesis by nonpigmented epithelium on ciliary body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

chronic glaucoma - topical carboic anhydrase inh - drugs and purpose

A

dorzolamide, brinzolamide

decrease synthesis by nonpigmented epithelium on ciliary body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

chronic glaucoma - alpha-2 agonists - drugs and purpose

A

apraclonidine

decrease synthesis by nonpigmented epithelium on ciliary body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

chronic glaucoma - pilocarpine - drugs and purpose

A

pilocarpine

increase outflow of aqueous humor (trabecular ouflow bu cilliary body contraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

epinephrine (a1 agonist on glaucoma)

A

decreases aqueous humor synthesis via vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

acute angle-closure glaucoma - clinical presentation

A
  • SUDDEN onset of an extremely painful
  • red eye that s hard to palpation
  • walking into a dark rook can precipitate pain because of pupillary dialation (SOS)
  • steamy cornea
  • non-reacting pupil
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

acute angle-closure glaucoma - diagnostic sign

A

the cup-to-disc ratio is greater than the normal 0.3

optic disc atrophy with charactersiting cupping (thinning of the outer rim of the optic nerve head vs normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

acute angle-closure glaucoma - the diagnosis is confirmed by

A

tonometry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

acute angle-closure glaucoma - treat with (and why)

A
  1. IV acetazolamide
  2. IV mannitol: osmotic driving of fluid out of the eye
  3. Pilocarpie, beta-blockers and apracloinidine to constrict the pupil and enchance and enchance drainage)
  4. laser iridotomy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

keratitis - definition / presentation

A

infection of the cornea

the eye may be very red, swollen and painful, but do not use steroids

19
Q

hepres keratitis - never use …. (why)

A

steroids –> make it worse / increase the production of the virus

20
Q

hepres keratitis - diagnosis

A

Fluorecein staining of the eye helps confirm the dendritic pattern seen on examination

21
Q

hepres keratitis - treatment

A

oral acyclovir, famciclovir or valacyclovir

topical anthepretic treatment is trifluridine and

22
Q

Cataracts - therapy

A
  • no medical therapy
  • surgically remove the lens and replace with a new intraocular lens. The lew lens may automatically have bifocal capability.
23
Q

Cataracts - diagnosis

A

early Cataracts: ophthalmoscope or slit lamp exam

advanced: visible on examination

24
Q

diabetic retinopathy - how to prevent / definition and types

A
  • annual screening (before serious visual loss)
    retinal damage due to chronic hyperclycemia:
    1. prolferative
    2. nonproliferative (or background)
25
nonprolferative vs proliferative diabetic retinopathy - treatment
nonprolif: blood glucose control prolif: laser photocoagulation and VEGF inh(to control neovascularization, surgery
26
diabetic retinopathy - surgery
vitrectomy (remove the vitreous gel from the middle of the eye): to remove vitreal hemorrhage obstructing vision
27
diabetic retinopathy - most accurate test
flurescein angiography
28
retinal artery and vein occlusion - presentation
both conditions present with the sudden loss of monocular visual loss
29
retinal artery and vein occlusion - diagnosis
cannot diagnose without retinal examination
30
retinal examination - findings in retinal artery occlusion
the macula is described as "cherry red" because the retina is pale and macula is dark
31
retinal examination - findings in retinal vein occlusion
extravasation of blood into retina
32
retinal artery occlusion - treatment
1. 100% O2 2. ocular massage 3. acetazolamide 4. anterior chamber paracentiesis (decreased IOP) 5. thrombolytics 6. evaluate embolic source
33
retinal vein occlusion - treatment
ranibizumab (VEGF-A inh)
34
Retinal detachment - risks
1. trauma of the eye 2. extreme myopia that changes the shape of the eye 3. diabetic retinopathy ANYTHING THAT PULLS THE RETINA CAN DETACH IT
35
Retinal detachment - presentation
sudden onset of painless, unilateral loss of vision that is described as "A CURTAIN COMING DOWN"
36
Reattachemen of retina is attempted ...
with a number of mechanical methods such as: 1. surgery 2. laser 3. cryotherapy 4. injection of an expansile gas that pushes the retina back up against the globe of the eye
37
The MCC of blindness in older person in the US
Macular degeneration
38
causes of Macular degeneration / diagnosis
unknown | diagnosed only by visualization of the retina
39
Macular degeneration - types
1. atrophic (dry) | 2. neovascular (wet)
40
Macular degeneration - characteristics of visual loss
1. far more common in older patients 2. bilateral 3. Normal external appearance of the eye 4. loss of central vision
41
Macular degeneration - atrophic dry vs neovascular regarding the progression and the severity (DESCRIBE)
neovascular is more rapid and more severe --> New vessels grow between the retina and the underlying Bruch membrane. The neovascular or wet type causes 90% of permanent blindness from macular desegregation
42
atrophic dry Macular degeneration - treatment
no proven effective therapy
43
neovascular or wet Macular degeneration - treatment
best initial: VEGF inh (ranibizumab, bevasizumab, aflibercept. Injected directly into the vitreous chamber every 4-8 wks.
44
neovascular or wet Macular degeneration - results of the treatment
1. over 90% of patients will expereience a halt (stop) of progression 2. 1/3 will have improvement in vision

neurology STEP 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions