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Internal Medicine > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the menace response test

A 
Retina
Optic nerve (afferent)
Optique radiation
Visual cortex
Cerebrocortical connections
Facial nerve (efferent- orbicularis oculi)
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2
Q

Oculopalpebral reflex

What nerves does it test

A

Trigeminal (afferent)

Facial (efferent)

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3
Q

Oculopalpebral reflex: reduction or prevention of lid closure is caused by

A

Facial paralysis
Oculomotor neuropathy
Physical abnormalities (lagophthalmos, exophthalmos)

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4
Q

Dazzle reflex

A

Afferent: retina and CN II OPTIC
Supraoptic nuclei if hypothalamus and rostral canniculus

Efferent: CN VII (facial) (orbicularis oculi)

Abnormal: stress, non cortical blindness, pathology in mesencephalon, Facial n

Normal with cortical blindness

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5
Q

Pupillary light reflexes

A

Afferent: retina and optic n, optic chiasm, optic tract to EE oculomotor nucleus, pretectal zone in midbrain

Efferent: parasympathetic fibres of the oculomotor nerve and short ciliary nerves to iris constrictor

Decussation at optic chiasm
Dog - 75%
Cat - 65% (then cross back between pretectal nucleus and oculomotor nucleus) in midbrain

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6
Q

Corneal reflex afferent and efferent

A

Afferent : ophthalmic branch do trigeminal n

Efferent: facial (orbicularis oculi) and abducens (retractor bulbi)

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7
Q

Vestibule-ocular reflex (physiological nystagmus)

A

Afferent: vestibulocochlear n

Efferent: oculomotor, trochlear and abducens

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8
Q

Causes of horners syndrome

A

Cervical spinal cord
Thoracic t1-t3 spinal cord
Brachial plexus
Midbrain, middle ear, eye

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9
Q

Infectious causes of chorioretinitis

A

CDV
Canine herpes virus
FIP
FIV

Ehrlichiosis
Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Bartonella
Leptospirosis
Brucellosis (lymes)
Mycobacterium

Fungal

Protozoal - toxoplasmosis
Neosporosis
Leishmaniasis

Toxocara
Angiostrongylus

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10
Q

Non-infectious causes of chhorioretinitis

A

Neoplasia - mestastatic lymphoma or primary
Uveodermatological syndrome (akitas)
Traumatic
Immune-mediated
Idiopathic -Granulomatous meningoencephalitis

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11
Q

causes of optic neuritis

A

Neoplasia
Immune mediated
Infectious

Distemper 
Toxoplasmosis 
Ehrlichiosis
Tick borne encephalitis
Blastomycosis
Cryptococcosis
Histoplasmosis
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12
Q

Causes of retinal detachment

A 
Hypertension
Hyperviscosity (myeloma, lymphoma, ehrlichia)
Trauma
Glaucoma
Lens surgery
Steroid responsive 
Chorioretinitis (FIP, toxoplasmosis) 
Neoplasia
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13
Q

Prognosis of FeLV positive cats with ocular lymphosarcoma

A

Poor

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14
Q

Treatment of FeLV related ocular lymphoma

A

Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Topical steroids

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15
Q

Causes of uveitis in cats

A 
Trauma
Lens luxation 
Ulcerative keratitis 
FIP 
Lymphoma
Toxoplasmosis
Leishmania
Systemic mycosis (cryptococcus, blastomycosis, coccidiomycoses, candidiasis)
Idiopathic
Primary uveal neoplasia 
FIV 
Larval migrants, curterebra
(FeLV)
Bartonella, mycobacterium, Ehrlichia, borrelia
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16
Q

Causes of uveitis in dogs

A 
Trauma
Lens luxation
Distemper, infectious canine hepatitis
Mycotic disease 
Ehrlichiosis and anaplasma platys
Lyme borreliosis
Toxoplasma, leishmania, neosporosis
Parasites: dirofilaria, angiostrongylus
Lymphoma,systemic histiocytosis 
Systemic hypertension
Hyperlipidaemia
Hyperviscosity syndrome
Uveodermatological syndrome
Hypothyroidism
17
Q

Prognostic factors in cats with lymphoma

A 
Anatomic locations -nasal and mediastinal (Siamese) better prognosis
Clinical stage - unclear prognostic significance
Small cell better than large cell
Immunophenotype not prognostic
BCS < 5/9 negative
FeLV positive - negative
Weight loss - negative
Substage b - negative
Low grade better than high grade
18
Q

Poor prognostic indicators of lymphoma in the dog

A

Substage
Immunophenotype (B cell better than T cell)
Steroid pre-treatment
Cranial mediastinal lymphadenopathy
Location - hepatic poor prognosis, alimentary poor prognosis, rectal good, multicentric better than GI

19
Q

Target lesions in liver characteristic of what?

A

Lymphoma and malignant histiocytosis

20
Q

Why do we need biopsies for lymphoma and not just cytology

A

To determine grade - can’t be done on cytology

Need this for prognosis and treatment options

Internal Medicine (11 decks)

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