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Microbiology > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the main bacterial causes of conjunctivitis in neonates?

A

Staph aureus
Neisseria gonnorrhoea
Chlamydia trachomatis

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2
Q

What are the main bacterial causes of conjunctivitis in adults and children?

A

Staph aureus
Strep pneumoniae
H. influenzae (especially in children)

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3
Q

What investigation should be done for bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Swab

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4
Q

What is the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Topical chloramphenicol

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5
Q

When should chloramphenicol be avoided?

A

History of aplastic anaemia

Allergy

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6
Q

What are the main viral causes of conjunctivitis?

A

Herpes simplex
Herpes zoster
Adenovirus

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7
Q

Clinically, what is the main difference observed between viral and bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Bacterial - pus discharge

Viral - watery discharge

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8
Q

What is observed in herpes simplex conjunctivitis?

A

White vesicles under the eye

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9
Q

What type of conjunctivitis should be suspected in young adults presenting with both eyes affected?

A

Chlamydial conjunctivitis

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10
Q

What is seen in chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

White follicles

Subtarsal scarring

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11
Q

What is a hypopyon?

A

A level of white/yellow fliud at the bottom of the cornea due to WBC/infection

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12
Q

What is keratitis?

A

Inflammation of the cornea

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13
Q

What are the viral causes of keratitis?

A

Herpes

Adenovirus

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14
Q

What type of ulcer may be causes by herpetic keratitis?

A

Dendritic ulcer (looks like a branch)

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15
Q

Should you give steroids in herpetic keratitis?

A

NOOOO

Can cause corneal melt and perforation of cornea

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16
Q

What would you see in a slit lamp examination of adenoviral keratitis?

A

Subepithelial infiltrates

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17
Q

What are causes of keratitis due to wearing contact lens?

A

Acanthamoeba

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

18
Q

What is orbital cellulitis?

A

Infection of soft tissues of orbit

19
Q

What are the main organisms that cause orbital cellulitis?

A 
Staph
Strep
Coliforms
H. influenzae
Anaerobes
20
Q

What is the treatment of orbital cellulitis?

A

Broad spectrum AB and monitor for optic nerve/ muscle dysfunction

21
Q

What is endophthalmitis?

A

Infection of whole eye

22
Q

What are the common causes of endopthtalmitis?

A

Commensals e.g. staph epidermidis

Caused by surgery or trauma

23
Q

What is the treatment of endophthalmitis?

A

Intravitreal amikacin and vancomycin and topical antibiotics

24
Q

What is chorioretinitis?

A

Inflammation of choroid and retina

25
Q

What are causes of chorioretinitis?

A

Cytomegalovirus (AIDs)
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxocara canis

26
Q

What is toxoplasma gondii

A

A protoza (tic) that can cause toxoplasmosis

27
Q

What is toxocara canis?

A

Worm parasite that can for granulomas that affects the growth of retinal epithelium, causing eye problems

28
Q

What investigation is done for conjunctivitis?

A

Swab for culture - before LA or stain

29
Q

What investigation is done for bacterial keratitis?

A

Corneal scrapes

30
Q

What investigation is done for endophthalmitis?

A

Aqueous/ vitreous culture

31
Q

What investigation is done for toxoplasma and toxocara?

A

Serology

32
Q

How does chloramphenicol work?

A

Inhibit peptidyl transferase enzyme

33
Q

What antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
(common B lactam ring)

34
Q

What antibiotics inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Quinolones e.g. ofloxacin

35
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aciclovir?

A

Antiviral - inhibits viral DNA synthesis

36
Q

What organisms does chloramphenicol treat?

A

Most causes of bacterial conjunctivitis except pseudomonas aeruginosa

37
Q

What does frusidic acid treat?

A

Staph aureus bacterial conjunctivitis

38
Q

What does gentamicin treat?

A

Gram negative bacteria

39
Q

What is the treatment for chlamydial conjunctivitis?

A

Topical oxytetracycline

If adult, give oral azithromycin for genital infection

40
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial keratitis?

A

Gentamicin and cefuroxine (treats more gram negative and gram positive)

Microbiology (6 decks)

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