Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Royal College > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

At what ages should infants be able to
1. Show visual fixation
2. Track across midline/to 180 deg
3. Conjugate gaze
4. Develop binocular vision
5. Accommodation

A
  1. 6-8 weeks
  2. 2 months - tracking 180 by 10 weeks
  3. 4 months
  4. between 3 and 7 months
  5. 2-3 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Are infants nearsighted or farsighted at birth?

A

Farsighted
Due to the size and shape of the eye they are hyperoptic, but this decreases with growth
Premature or LBW infants are typically less hyperoptic or even myopic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When should you refer to Ophtho if an infant cannot fix?

A

3-4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When should I child first get visual acuity testing?

A

3-4 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can cause an abnormal red reflex? What is your first step?

A

Strabismus
Cataracts
Glaucoma
Retinoblastoma
High refractory error
Immediate referrral to ophtho

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most common cause for unilateral cataract?

A

Sporadic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Causes of bilateral cataracts

A

Autosomal dominant inheritance
Trisomies 13, 18, 21
Galactosemia and other metabolic abnormalities
TORCH infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Risk factors for ROP

A

Prematurity
Low BW
Prolonged exposiure to high supplemental oxygen
Assisted ventilation for > 7 days
Surfactant therapy
Hyperglycemia
Insulin therapy
Cumulative illness severity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dacryostenosis treatment and when to refer to ophtho

A

Treatment is lacrimal sac massage
Refer for possible probing if it persists after 6-7 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Treatment for stye (hordeolum)

A

Usually self limiting and resolves in 5-7 days
Warm compresses to help with secretions and blood flow to gland
Topical antibiotic can be used if there is blepharitis (eyelid inflammation)
Systemic antibiotics only if associated cellulitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Difference between stye (hordeolum) and chalazion

A

Stye is infectious - lesion of the eyelid from follicle gland or meibomian gland
Chalazion is non-infectious - lesion of the eyelid from obstruction of meibomian gland with granulomatous inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Treatment for chalazion

A

Typically resolves on own in few months
NO ANTIBIOTICS
Protracted cases, increasing pain, or obstructing vision = refer to ophtho

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

2 physical exam maneuvers to detect strabismus

A

Corneal light reflex test
Cover/uncover test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Meaning of
1. Protanopia
2. Deuteranopia

A
  1. Loss of L cones (red), results in blue-green vision
  2. Loss of M cones (green), results in red-blue vision
    Both more common in boys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where in the nervous system does
1. Upbeating jerk nystagmus
2. Downbeating jerk nystagmus
suggest an injury?

A
  1. Pons, can be medulla or cerebellum
  2. Cervicomedullar junction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Most common causes of optic atrophy in children

A

Intracranial tumors
Hydrocephalus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Examples of midline facial defects

A

Optic nerve hypoplasia
Neural tube defects
Single central incision
Cleft lip/palate
TEF
Conotruncal heart defects
Diaphragmatic hernia
Omphalocele
Imperforate anus
Microphallus or undescended teste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Causes of secondary glaucoma in children

A

Trauma
Intraocular hemorrhage
Surgical complications (after cataract removal)
Chronic steroid use
Sturge-Weber syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Red flags in a painful red eye which should prompt referral to ophtho

A

Vision abnormalities
Distorted pupil
Corneal involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Red, watery eye with gritty sensation

A

Adenovirus most common
No treatment, may get relief from lubricating drops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Common causes of bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Strep pneumo
H flu
Moraxella catarrhalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Erythromycin ointment or Septra drops for 5-7 days
Use fluoroquinolone drops for contact wearers due to risk of Pseudomonas
24 hours of therapy before going to school

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Should corneal abrasions be reassessed?

A

Yes
Recheck in 24-48 hours for resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How to distinguish between preseptal and orbital cellulitis

A

Both have eye pain and red, swollen eyelid
Orbital –> pain with eye movements, ophthalmoplegia, chemosis, and/or proptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Treatment of orbital cellulitis

A

IV antibiotics (vanco, ceftriaxone, +/- metronidazole) for 3-5 days
Then oral therapy for total 2-3 weeks
Surgery may be required if not responding as expected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Complications of orbital cellulitis

A

Orbital abscess
Subperiosteal abscess
Intracranial extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Causes of papilledema

A

Mass
Brain abscess
Cerebral edema
Noncommunicating hydrocephalus
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension

28
Q

Treatment for hyphema

A

Refer to ophtho
Protect eye with a rigid shield
Steroids and cytoplegic drops
Alleviate vomiting and pain as they can increase intraocular pressure
Prevent secondary bleeding with antifibrinolytic therapy

29
Q

When is the highest rebleeding risk with hyphema

A

In the first week after injury
Increases risk for long term complications like glaucoma

30
Q

Symptoms of orbital floor fracture

A

Vertical diplopia
Limited vertical gaze (entrapment of inferior rectus muscle)
Circumferential ecchymosis
Subconjunctival hemorrhage
Hypema
Enophthalmos

31
Q

Retinal findings in Tay Sach’s disease

A

Pale optic disc
Cherry red spot in the macula

32
Q

When to screen for ROP

A

31 weeks corrected OR 4 weeks of life
Whichever is LATER

33
Q

What genetic syndromes are associated with a coloboma

A

CHARGE syndrome
Cat-eye syndrome
Trisomy 13 and 18
Kabuki syndrome
Walker-Warburg syndrome
MIDAS syndrome
DiGeorge syndrome
+++ others

34
Q

Unique ocular finding of Williams syndrome

A

Stellate iris

35
Q

Most common cause of unilateral cataracts

A

Idiopathic
Bilateral more concerning for underlying pathology

36
Q

Concerning complication post cataract removal surgery

A

Secondary glaucoma

37
Q

How to tell between
1. Bacterial
2. Viral
3. Allergic
conjunctivitis

A
  1. Purulent, usually one eye but can be both
  2. Watery discharge, often starts in one eye then spreads to other in 24-48 hours
  3. Watery, stringy discharge, ITCHY
38
Q

Causes of acquired 6th nerve palsy

A

Increased ICP
Meningitis
Mass
Vascular anomalies
Trauma
Idiopathic
Post viral

39
Q
  1. When to screen for ROP
  2. Who to screen
A
  1. 31 weeks or 4 weeks of life, whichever is later
  2. < 31 weeks, < 1250g
40
Q

Symptoms of optic neuritis

A

Reduced visual acuity
RAPD
Periocular pain
May have changes to colour vision
Visual field defects
Hyperemic/swollen disc on fundoscopy

41
Q

Anterior uveitis

A

Inflammation of the iris and ciliary body

42
Q

Complications of uveitis

A

Band keratopathy
Posterior synechiae
Cataracts
Intraocular hypertension

43
Q

Treatment for anterior and posterior uveitis

A

Anterior = topical steroids
Posterior = systemic steroids
Patients will often need systemic immunosuppresion for long term therapy (MTX, cyclosporine, TNF a inhibitors)

44
Q

Role of cycloplegic agents (atropine) in uveitis

A

Prevent adhesion of the iris to lens

45
Q

Indications to refer bacterial conjunctivitis to ophtho

A

Vision loss
Severe purulent discharge
Corneal involvement
Conjunctival scarring
Recurring symptoms
Severe pain
HSV infection
Severe photophobia
Involvement with contact lens

46
Q

Chorioretinitis causes and findings

A

Scars on retina
Ex: toxo, CMV, syphilis, sarcoidosis

47
Q

Intracranial complications from mastoiditis

A

Meningitis
Temporal lobe or cerebellar abscess
Epidural or subdural abscess
Venous sinus thrombosis

48
Q

Extracranial complications of mastoiditis

A

Subperiosteal abscess
Facial nerve palsy
Hearing loss
Labrynthitis
Osteomyelitis
Benzold abscess (in SCM)

49
Q

Classic triad of glaucoma

A

Tearing
Photophobia
Blepharospasm

50
Q

Ocular findings of vitamin A deficiency

A

Night or complete blindness
Dry eyes (xerophthalmia)
Corneal scarring

51
Q

Symptoms of retinal detachment

A

Acute vision loss (peripheral and/or central)
Flashing lights and floaters
Shade over one eye
May see an RAPD

52
Q

Symptoms of vitreous hemorrhage

A

Decreased or hazy vision, black spots, cob webs
May have absent red reflex with large hemorrhage
CT for trauma

53
Q

Treatment of corneal abrasions

A

Topical antibiotic ointment
Oral analgesia
Do NOT prescribe topical anesthetics

54
Q

What nerves innervate the muscles of the eye?

A

LR6 = CN 6 for lateral rectus
SO4 = CN 4 for superior oblique
CN 3 for rest = superior, medial and inferior rectus, inferior oblique
CN 3 also controls levator palpebrae that raises eyelid, as well as pupil constriction

55
Q

Movements of the eye muscles

A

Rectus muscles = in the name (medial, lateral, superior, inferior)
Superior oblique = internal rotation, depression
Inferior oblique = external rotation, elevation, abduction

56
Q

Decreased visual acuity, eye pain worse with movements, headache, decreased colour vision, visual field defects
If unilateral, RAPD

A

Optic neuritis

57
Q

Who to screen for ROP

A

Infants < 31 weeks
Infants < 1250 g

58
Q

When to screen for ROP

A

31 weeks corrected OR 4 weeks of life, whichever is LATER

59
Q

Treatment for ROP

A

Laser ablation of the avascular portion of the retina

60
Q

Nyctalopia

A

Night blindness
Often from Vit A deficiency

61
Q

Dacryoadenitis
1. symptoms
2. Causes

A

Inflammation of the lacrimal gland
1. pain, redness, swelling over lacrimal gland, increased tearing or drainage, periauricular lymphadenopathy
2. Mumps, flu, EBV, herpes, sarcoid, TB, syphilis

62
Q

Gene involved in retinoblastoma

A

RB1 on long arm of chromosome 13
Need mutation in both members of a gene pair

63
Q

Retinoblastoma clinical findings

A

Leukocoria
Strabismus
Periorbital erythema
Ocular proptosis
Vision loss

64
Q

What is the prognosis for retinoblastoma

A

Good, but high risk of other cancers later on in life
Osteosarcoma, pineal tumor, soft tissue sarcomas, melanomas

65
Q

Anisometropia

A

Vision in one eye is worse than the other due to high refractive error

66
Q

Horner syndrome triad

A

Damage to sympathetic supply
Partial ptosis
Facial anhidriosis
Miosis

Royal College (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions