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Royal College > Fetus and Newborn CPS > Flashcards

Fetus and Newborn CPS Flashcards

1
Q

How long should skin to skin post birth last

A

At least an hour uninterrupted
WHO recommends 8 hours per day

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2
Q

Benefits of skin to skin care

A

Improved duration and volume of breastfeeding
Lower mortality, hypothermia, suspected sepsis
Cardiopulmonary stability
Colonization of infant microbiome
Pain management in infants
Stress regulation
Neurodevelopmental benefits
Improved parent infant interaction and parental mental health

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3
Q

Which infants may need delay of skin to skin care?

A

Extremely preterm infants
May be warranted for concerns regarding handling and neuroprotection

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4
Q

3 relative contraindications for skin to skin care

A

Abdominal wall or neural tube defects
Postoperative instability
Significant instability associated with clinical handling, or prolonged recovery

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5
Q

Definition of
1. Preterm
2. Very preterm
3. Extremely preterm
Infants

A
  1. 37 weeks or less
  2. < 32 weeks
  3. < 28 weeks
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6
Q

Duration of DCC for
1. Preterm and extremely preterm
2. Term
singleton infants

A
  1. 60 to 120 s
  2. 60 s
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7
Q

Benefits of DCC in preterm and extremely preterm singletons

A

Decreases newborn mortality and morbidity
Improves hemotological outcomes (slightly increased hematocrit and ferritin)
Reduced risk of death or adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years

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8
Q

Risk with DCC longer than 60s in term infant

A

Increases risk of hyperbilirubinemia requiring phototherapy

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9
Q

Is DCC recommended in twins?

A

Yes, unless contraindications
Presumed 30 to 60 s duration

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10
Q

When do you give uterotonic medications in
1. Preterm
2. Term
infants

A
  1. After clamping cord (avoid bolus of blood)
  2. With delivery of anterior shoulder (higher risk for maternal PPH)
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11
Q

6 absolute contraindications for DCC

A

Fetal hydrops
Certain fetal anomalies (diaphragmatic hernia)
Need for immediate resus of mom or babe
Disrupted utero-placental circulation (bleeding vasa previa or placenta previa, placental transection or abruption)
Twin to twin transfusion syndrome
Twin anemia polycythemia sequence

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12
Q

3 relative contraindications to DCC

A

Risk factors for severe hyperbilirubinemia in term infants
High maternal antibody titers
First infant in a pair of monochorionic twins

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13
Q

Is umbilical cord milking recommended

A

No
Increased risk for severe IVH in very preterm infants

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14
Q

How long do you need to observe an infant at risk for NAS for?

A

72 hours

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15
Q

Are preterm infants at higher or lower risk for NAS? Why?

A

Lower
Shorter in utero exposure time, decreased placental transmission, inability to fully excrete drugs by immature kidneys and liver, minimal fat stores, and limited capacity to express classic NAS symptoms by the immature brain

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16
Q

Poor neonatal adaption syndrome

A

Can occur in infants born to mothers on SSRIs or SNRIs
Symptoms → poor muscle tone, tremors, jitteriness, irritability, seizures, feeding difficulties, sleep disturbances, hypoglycemia, and respiratory distress
Mechanism is not completely understood, but may relate to either a withdrawal from maternal SSRI or SNRI exposure, or overstimulation from serotonin toxicity

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17
Q

Management of PNAS

A

Managing PNAS includes providing a quiet environment, swaddling, skin-to-skin care, and frequent small feeds. Breastfeeding should be encouraged

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18
Q

Should prophylactic surfactant be given to newborns with RDS?

A

No
Surfactant should be reserved for infants who need it

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19
Q

What oxygen levels should surfactant be
1. considered
2. given
in a baby with RDS

A
  1. 30-50%
  2. 50%
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20
Q

How long should you use corrected age to?

A

3 years

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21
Q

Early signs of CP

A
  • Hand preference
  • Stiffness or tightness in the legs
  • Inability to sit by 9 months corrected age
  • Persistent fisting of hands beyond 4 months CA
  • Delayed or asymmetrical movement
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22
Q

How much iron should premature breastfed infants get? For how long?

A

2-3 mg/kg/day
For at least 1 year

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23
Q

Should immunizations be based on chronologic or corrected gestational age?

A

Chronologic

24
Q

Brachial plexus palsy is a result of injury to which spinal levels?

A

C5-T1

25
Q

Risk factors for brachial palsy

A

Shoulder dystocia
Uterine abnormalities like bicornuate uterus
Maternal diabetes
Forceps or vacuum
Episiotomy
Fetal or birth asphyxia
Macrosomia
LGA

26
Q

Group 1 brachial plexus palsy
1. Name
2. Roots involve
3. Symptoms

A
  1. Classic Erb’s palsy
  2. C5 or C6
  3. Absent shoulder abduction, external rotation, elbow flexion, and forearm supination
27
Q

Group 2 brachial plexus palsy
1. Name
2. Roots involve
3. Symptoms

A
  1. Extended Erb’s palsy
  2. C5 to C7
    3.Absent shoulder abduction, external rotation, elbow flexion, and forearm supination, absence of wrist and digital extension
28
Q

Group 3 brachial plexus palsy
1. Name
2. Roots involve
3. Symptoms

A
  1. Total palsy without Horner’s syndrome
  2. C5-T1
  3. Complete flaccid paralysis
29
Q

Group 4 brachial plexus palsy
1. Name
2. Roots involve
3. Symptoms

A
  1. Total paralysis with Horner’s syndrome
  2. C5-T1 and sympathetic chain involvement
    3.Complete flaccid paralysis with Horner’s (miosis, ptosis, ipsilateral facial anhidrosis), may have phrenic nerve palsy and elevated ipsilateral hemi-diaphragm
30
Q

Definitions of
1. Neuropraxia
2. Axonotmesis
3. Neurotmesis
And expected recovery

A
  1. Temporary conduction block due to interruption of the myelin sheath. Full recovery within weeks
  2. Disruption of the nerve fibers and likely the myelin sheath. Some improvement but incomplete
  3. Nerve disruption and avulsion of the nerve roots from the spinal cord. No chance of recovery
31
Q

When should infants with brachial plexus palsy be referred to specialized center?

A

If they have no active elbow extension at 1 month

32
Q

Which infants should get a routine head US? When is the repeat imaging?

A

< 32 weeks, get HUS at 4-7 days post birth
Repeat 4-6 weeks post birth
Term imaging if < 26 weeks

33
Q

Criteria A for HIE cooling

A

Cord pH 7.0 or less, OR base deficit -16 or more

34
Q

Criteria B for HIE cooling

A

pH 7.01 to 7.15 or base deficit -10 to -15.9 on cord gas or blood gas within 1 hour AND

  1. History of acute perinatal event (prolapse, abruption, uterine rupture, etc)
    AND
  2. APGAR score 5 or less at 10 minutes, or 10+ minutes of PPV
35
Q

Criteria C for HIE cooling

A

Evidence of moderate to severe encephalopathy → seizures, OR at least 1 sign in 3 or more of the following 6 categories: LOC, spontaneous activity, posture, tone, reflexes, autonomic system

36
Q

Contraindications to cooling for HIE

A
  • Moribund infants
  • Infants with major congenital or genetic abnormalities for whom no further aggressive treatment is planned
  • Infants with severe IUGR
  • Infants with clinically significant coagulopathy
  • Infants with evidence of severe head trauma or intracranial bleeding
  • Isolated IVH is not not an absolute contraindication
37
Q

Side effects of cooling

A
  • Sinus bradycardia
  • Hypotension
  • Mild thrombocytopenia
  • Persistent pulmonary hypertension with impaired oxygenation
  • Prolonged bleeding time
  • Subcutaneous fate necrosis
38
Q

Target temperature for cooling for HIE

A

33.5 +/- 0.5 degrees for whole body cooling

39
Q

How long to cool HIE babies for and how fast to rewarm

A

72 hours
Rewarm infants by 0.5 degrees every 1 to 2 hours

40
Q

When should MR be done post cooling for HIE?

A

Typically done after rewarming, so on days 4-5

41
Q

Time frames for
1. Early
2. Classic
3. Late
Vitamin K deficiency bleeding

A
  1. first 24 hours
  2. 2 to 7 days
  3. 2 to 12 weeks, but can be up to 6 months
42
Q

Causes of
1. Early
2. Classic
3. Late
Vitamin K deficiency bleeding

A
  1. Maternal medications that inhibit vitamin K activity
  2. Low intake of vitamin K
  3. Chronic malabsorption and low vitamin K intake
43
Q

How can we give vitamin K if parents refuse IM dosing

A

2 mg at first feeding
Repeat at 2-4 weeks of age
Repeat at 6-8 weeks of age

44
Q

Early onset sepsis risk factors (5)

A
  • Maternal intrapartum GBS colonization
  • GBS bacteruria at any time during current pregnancy
  • Previous infant with invasive GBS disease
  • Prolonged ROM 18 hours +
  • Maternal fever
45
Q

What is adequate maternal treatment for GBS positive mothers

A

1 dose at least 4 hours before birth of IV pen G or IV cefazolin
Clinda and erythro or vanco is INADEQUATE

46
Q

Does an LP need to be done if blood cultures are positive in an infant <7 days

A

YES

47
Q

Findings on a CBC associated with early onset sepsis

A

WBC < 5
ANC < 1.5

48
Q

Abnormal CSF WBC count in term infants

A

> 20-25

49
Q

How to manage newborn infants with resp distress who appear stable and have no perinatal risk factors

A

Can be observed for up to 6 hours to monitor for resolution
If not, will need investigation for sepsis and antibiotics

50
Q

How to manage:
GBS + mom with ADEQUATE prophylaxis, no other risk factors

A

No investigations or treatment if infant is well
Discharge home at normal time

51
Q

How to manage:
GBS + mom with INADEQUATE prophylaxis, no other risk factors

A

Careful assessment, close observation
Vitals q3-4 x 24 hours
Labs not indicated
Discharge between 24-48 hours

52
Q

How to manage:
GBS + mom with other risk factors, with or without prophylaxis

A

Consider severity of each risk factor
Observe closely for 24 to 48 hours
CBC after 4 hours may be helpful

53
Q

How to manage:
GBS - or unknown mom with other risk factors

A

Manage same as born to GBS + moms if only 1 risk factor
Individualized management if multiple risk factors

54
Q

How to manage:
Infants born to moms with chorioamnionitis

A

Term and well appearing = observe for 24 hours
Multiple risk factors, no antibiotics, mom unwell = consider investigation and antibiotics

55
Q
A

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