Ophthalmology Flashcards
What is Betaxolol?
When is it prescribed?
A beta blocker
In chronic open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension
What is Chloramphenicol?
When is it prescribed?
A topical antibiotic
For the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis (usually as drops)
What class of drugs do latanoprost, travoprost and tafluprost belong to?
Prostaglandin analogues
What are Prostaglandin analogues?
When are they prescribed?
Drugs that mimic naturally occurring prostaglandins and increase the drainage of aqueous humour in the eye
To treat glaucoma
What is Brimonidine eyedrops?
When is it prescribed?
An alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonist that works to reduce intra-ocular pressure
It is prescribed in glaucoma and ocular hypertension
Which patients should we avoid giving chloramphenicol to?
Those with history of aplastic anaemia
Those with known allergy
What should be checked for if symptoms are worsening after a patient is given chloramphenicol?
Drug allergy
What is treated with topical ganciclovir (an antiviral)?
Herpetic keratitis
Why should steroids never be used to treat herpetic keratitis?
They can cause a corneal melt and perforation of the cornea
When would steroids be used in adenoviral keratitis?
To speed up the recovery if it becomes chronic
What is natamycin amphotericin?
When is it prescribed?
A topical anti-fungal
To treat fungal keratitis
What should be given in orbital cellulitis?
Broad spectrum antibiotics
What is used to treat endophthalmitis?
Intravitreal amikacin / ceftazidime / vancomycin
Topical antibiotics
What does fusidic acid treat?
Staph Aureus
What does gentamicin treat?
Most gram negative bacteria:
Coliforms
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What does ganciclovir do?
Inhibits viral DNA synthesis
What is topical oxytetracycline used to treat?
Chlamydial conjunctivitis
Which type of drugs can penetrate the epithelium of the eye?
Lipid soluble drugs
Which type of drugs can penetrate the stroma of the eye?
Water soluble drugs
What are anti-VEGF injections used to treat?
Wet macular degeneration
When are topical steroids used most?
Post-operative cataract patients
Patients with uveitis
To prevent corneal graft rejection
What are some local side effects of steroids?
Cataracts
Glaucoma
Exacerbation of viral infection
Raised intra ocular pressure
What are some systemic side effects of steroids?
Gastric ulceration
Immunosuppression
Diabetes
Weight gain
What is the most potent topical steroid commonly used?
Prednisolone 1%
What is the least potent topical steroid commonly used?
Fludrocortisone 0.1%
What is timolol typically used to treat?
Glaucoma
Decreases aqueous humour production and thus reducing intraocular pressure
What type of drug are tropicamide and cyclopentolate?
Mydriatic drugs
What is a well known side effect of latanoprost?
Increasing growth of eyelashes
What do mydriatic drugs (tropicamide, cyclopentolate) do?
Dilate the pupil by blocking the parasympathetic supply to the iris
What is the medical term for the effect of mydriatic drugs?
Cycloplegia
(when the lens cannot focus)
What is pilocarpine?
What does it do?
A muscarinic receptor agonist
Constricts the pupil
When are miotic drugs (such as pilocarpine) used?
To reduce pressure in the eye
Prior to certain laser procedures
What does local anaesthetic do?
Blocks sodium channels and impedes nerve conduction
When is local anaesthetic used?
Foreign body removal
Tonometry
Corneal scraping
What is the most commonly used diagnostic dye in ophthalmology?
Fluorescein
What drug is associated with vortex keratopathy?
Amiodarone
Which drug is associated with bulls eye maculopathy?
Chloroquine
Which drug used in the treatment of TB can cause optic neuropathy as a side effect?
Ethambutol
