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AKT > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What type of drug (eye drop) causes pupil constriction?

A

Miotic

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2
Q

Give an example of a miotic drug (eye drop)?

A

Pilocarpine

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3
Q

What type of drug (eye drop) causes pupil dilation?

A

Mydriatic

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4
Q

Give an example of a mydriatic drug (dye drop)?

A

Tropicamide

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5
Q

How long before you can drive after receiving a mydriatic eye drop?

A

3-4 hours

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6
Q

What is the purpose of fluorescein (orange dye, blue light) in eye examinations?

A

Looks for corneal damage and foreign bodies

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7
Q

What are names of eye drops for dry eyes from mild to strong?

A

Hypermellose 0.3% (most mild)
Carmellose (Evolve, Systane)
Hypotears 0.1-0.3% (last 3 x as long as other drops) (most potent)
VitA-P-OS (ointment) good for overnight use

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8
Q

Eye drop preservatives

A

Benzalkonium Chloride
(also acts as a detergent)

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9
Q

Conjuctivitis - what do you know?

A
  • Inflammation of conjunctiva:
    1. thin transparent membrane on the eye surface
    2. If cornea also involved → keratoconjunctivitis
  • Symptoms include ‘gritty’, ‘burning’ watery, red eye, sometimes discharge - NO pain
  • Exam: Conjunctival injection (dilated conjunctival vessels), conjunctival oedema, follicles and papillae, preauricular lymphadenopathy

1.

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10
Q

Viral conjunctivitis

A
  • Usually self-limiting within 1-2 weeks
  • Most common virus cause is adenovirus
  • Bathing eye eg cotton wool soaked in boiled water, cool compresses
  • Separate towels, wash hands regularly
  • No school exclusion
  • If persistent ie 7-10 days can consider an ophthalmology review
  • If recurrent consider herpes simplex conjunctivitis
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11
Q

How many days do viral conjunctivitis last?

A

7-14 days

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12
Q

What is the common cause of viral conjunctivitis?

A

Adenovirus

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13
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis

A
  • Usually self-limiting within 5-7 days
  • Sometimes causes purulent discharge + crusting
  • Most common strep pneum, staph aureus, haem influenza
  • Antibiotic options (e.g if severe):
  1. 1st line - Chloramphenicol 0.5% drops / 1% ointment (7d)
  2. 2nd line: Fusidic acid 1% drops (7d)
  • Can consider a delayed prescription to start in 3 days if no improvement
  • Swab if initial treatment fails
  • No school exclusion
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14
Q

How long does bacterial conjuctivitis typically last for?

A

5-7 days

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15
Q

What are the 3 most common causes of bacterial conjutivitis?

A

Staph aureus, Strep pneum, Haem influenzae

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16
Q

Allergic conjunctivitis

A
  • Includes seasonal (eg hayfever conjunctivitis), perennial (eg due to house dust mites, animal dander etc)
  • Think of it, if bilateral, itching++
  • Caused by an IgE response to an allergen
  • Can be linked with other atopic conditions eg asthma, rhinitis, eczema
  • Allergen avoidance (eg mould, animal dander), surface lubricants, cold compresses
  • Can try topical antihistamine/mast cell stabilizer e.g. azelastine which is dual
17
Q

What eye drops can you offer to treat allergic conjuctivits due to hayfever and how long to thye take to work?

A

Opatanol (Olopatadine) - works within hours
Sodium cromoglicate - take 2-3 weeks to work

18
Q

Chronic Visual Impairment – Causes & Complications

A
  • Many causes, e.g.:

o ARMD

o Cataract

o Retinopathy

o Chronic glaucoma

o Presbyopia

o Refractive error

  • Complications:

o Depression

o Falls and fractures

o Limitations in mobility, activities of daily living, and physical performance

o Reduced quality of life

19
Q

Ulcerating eye conditions

A

Shingles: Herpes Zooster Ophthalmicus
Dendritic ulcer: HSV Keratitis
Corneal Ulcer: contact lenses wearers

20
Q

If a contact lens wearer attends with a red eye. What condition are you worried about and what examination do they need?

A

Corneal ulcer / keratits
Slit lamp examination with fluorescein eye drops

21
Q

What is the cause of acute close angle glaucoma?

A

Is caused by a rapid increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) due to a sudden blockage of the drainage canals in the eye
O/E you will see a fixed dilated pupil

22
Q

Drops for glaucoma to reduce the IOP

A
  • Prostaglandin Analogues (increase the outflow of aqueous humor): Latanoprost (Xalatan), Bimatoprost (Lumigan)
  • Beta-blockers (decrease the production of aqueous humor): Timolol (Timoptic)
  • Alpha Agonists (decrease aqueous humor production & increase its outflow: Brimonidine (Alphagan P), Apraclonidine (Iopidine).
  • Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (reduce the production of aqueous humor: Dorzolamide (Trusopt), Brinzolamide (Azopt).
23
Q

List causes of an enlarged pupil?

A
  • Deadly Nightshave
  • ICP
  • Drugs (SSRI, Amphetamines, Ecstasy, Cocaine, LSD)
  • Argyll Robertson pupil (syphillis)
  • Adie syndrome / Holmes–Adie syndrome
  • 3rd nerve palsy / Berry aneurysm
  • Iritis
24
Q

List possible causes of visual disturbance in uncontrolled DM:
1. Sudden
2. Gradual
3. Fluctuating

A
  1. Sudden: Vitrous haemorrhage
  2. Gradual: Retinopathy, Cataracts
  3. Fluctuating: Sugar in the lens
25
Q

Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD)

A

Wet v Dry

26
Q

Reactive arthritis signs

A

Hypertensive retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy

27
Q

Graves disease eye signs

A
28
Q

Visual Field Defects:

Central causes?

Peripheral causes?

What is bitemporal harm & its causes?

What is

A
29
Q

Diabetic retinopathy

A
30
Q

Diabetic retinopathy - Stage 1 (Background)

A
31
Q

Diabetic retinopathy - Stage 2 (Pre-Proliferative)

A
32
Q

Diabetic retinopathy - Stage 3 (Proliferative)

A
33
Q

Diabetic retinopathy - Management

A
34
Q

Trichiasis

A

Trichiasis is a condition where the eyelashes grow inward toward the eye instead of outward.

35
Q

Preseptal cellulitis management

A
36
Q

Orbital cellulits management

A
37
Q

What is a ectopion?

A

A condition where the lower eyelid rolls outward, away from the eye.

38
Q

What is a

A
39
Q

?What are the muscle that control the eye, what is their nerve supply and what movement do they control

A

AKT (25 decks)

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