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Myclass > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

Layers of CORNIA

A
  1. Epithelium( Non keratinised Stratified Squamous epi. ➡️ can regenerate)
  2. Bowman’s ( NOT true basement memb. ie. PAS -VE , canNOT regenerate)
  3. Stroma ( Thickest layer)
  4. Dua ( Strongest layer)
  5. Descemet ( Secreted by underlying Epithelium ➡️ can regenerate)
  6. Endothelium ( METABOLICALLY ACTIVE single cell layer)
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2
Q

Kestenbaum index

A

No.Of small blood vessels÷large blood vessels

Normal =10
OPTIC ATROPHY in <7

*Other sign of optic atrophy - PALLOR of optic nerve

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3
Q

Tear break up time employ with which dye?

A

Fluorescine dye

Test name _ SIEDLE TEST

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4
Q

Reverse case of Horner syndrome..

A

Pourfour De Petit syndrome
( hyperactivity of Occulosympathatic system)

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5
Q

What is Cogan Dictum?

A

For LOCALISATION pf Lesion
⬇️
OPTOKINATIC NYSTAGMUS
(OKN)
⬇️ ⬇️
Symmetric Nystagmis Erratic pursuit move
- Occipital lobe - Perietal lobe
- due Trauma - due Tumor

                                 ( SO EP)
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6
Q

Keyhole shaped defects

A

AKA Quadruple sectoranopia
_Seen in PARIETAL LOBE LESION in LGB

_due lesion of Anterior Choroidal Artery

As it supply few minutes part of LGB
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7
Q

Anton Syndrome?

A

A clinical feature of Cortical Blindness
_is DENIAL of blindness

⭐other features of cortical blindness
_RIDDOCH phenomenon
⬇️
ie. Perception of kinetic dim light
But
Not of a bright lit stick

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8
Q

Center for light reflex..

A

Pretactal nuclei

_ at the level of Superior colliculip

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9
Q

Causes of MACULAR STAR appearance…

A
  1. Neuroretinitis
  2. HTN retina
  3. Papilledema
  4. Papillitis
  5. Retinal Angioma
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10
Q

C/f of Optic Neuritis..

A

2CUP Mar

ie.
C- Central scotoma C- Color blindness
U- U/l loss of vision U- Uthofff sign
P- Pain ( retrobulbar) P- Pulfrich phenomenon

                Marcus gunn pupil
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11
Q

Grading for Papilledema…

A

⭐FRISEN Scale

1- C shaped Halo with a Temporal gap

2- Halo bcm Circumferential

3- loss of major vessels as they leave the disc

4- loss of major vessels in the Disc also

5- Obscuration of All vessels

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12
Q

Clinical features of Trachoma ( Egyptian opthalmia)…..

A
  1. Sago grain follicles ⭐
    Shows necrosis & Leber cells
  2. Arlt sign
  3. Herbert pits ( PATHOGNOMIC)
  4. Pannus- vascularisation of cornea

Complication _-corneal ulcer due to trichiasis

Treatment_- SAFE strategy

WHO classification_- FISTO

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13
Q

Mattendorf dots… ?

A

A remement of HYALOID ARTERY on posterior surface of lens

⭐similar conditions !!
_Bergmeister papillae - Remnant on the OPTIC DISC

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14
Q

Urea soluble proteins of the lens!

A

Are Water insoluble proteins.

_ r cytoskeletal proteins
⬇️
If disrupt
⬇️
Cateract formation

_ Names?
◾️Vimentin
◾️Filesin
◾️Phakinin

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15
Q

Transporter for Ascorbic acid inside Lens…

A

Na dependent transporter
ie.
SVCT 2
( Active transportation )

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16
Q

Causes of COMPLICATED Cateract!

A

Mnemonic - UMAR
U- Uveitis
M- Myopia
A- Angle closure Glaucoma
R- Retinitis Pigmentosa

_Posterior Subcapsular Cateract
_Bread crumbs appearance
_Polychromatic lusture on light

17
Q

What is SECOND SIGHT?

A

Improvement in NEAR VISION due to NUCLEAR Cateract

INDEX MYOPIA

⭐in pat. who is already PRESHBIOPIC

18
Q

Tumors of the Lacrimal gland…name.

A
  1. Pleomorphic Adenoma ( Benign)
  2. Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma ( Malignant)
                            ⬇️ Eye pushed downward & medially
19
Q

Tests for near vision..!

A
  1. Jaeger chart ⭐
  2. Roman test
  3. Snellen near vision chart
20
Q

Tests for CONTRAST SENSITIVITY..!

A
  1. Pelli Roisson chart ⭐
  2. Ragan chart
  3. Arden grating
  4. Fact chart
21
Q

Visual cortex area ?

A

_Brodmann area
_ area 17,18,19 of CALCRINE cortex of occipital lobe

22
Q

Fundus signs in MYOPIA!

A
  1. Temporal myopic Crescent ( zone of choreoretinal Atrophy
  2. Tessellated/Tigroid appearance of fundus
    (Diffused Attenuation of RPE)
  3. Supertraction ( Tilted optic disc)
  4. Lacquer cracks ( Breaks in Bruch’s memb.)
  5. Foster fuch spots ( areas of Subretinal haemorrage in Macula
  6. Posterior staphyloma
  7. Vitreous haemorrage
  8. Rhagmatogenous RD
23
Q

Treatment for Astigmatism !

A
  1. Spects ( cylindrical)
  2. Sx -Astigmatic LASIK
    -Limbal Relaxing Incision (LRI)
    -Ruiz procedure ie. Post keratoplasty
    astigmatism
  3. Contact lenses ( Toric)
24
Q

Layers of Retina…

A

ING (IOP) ×2

I- Internal Limiting membrane ( Muller cells)
N- Nerve fiber layer
_ forms OPTIC NERVE
_ collection of Axons of ganglion cells
_3rd order neurons
G- Ganglion cell layer
I- Inner plexiform layer
I- Inner Nuclear layer
_ Bipolar cells
_2nd order neurons
O-Outer Plexiform layer
O- Outer Nuclear layer
_ie. False basement membrane
_External Limiting layer
P- Photoreceptor
_Rods & Cones
_1st order neurons

P- Pigment Epithelium (RPE)
_form Blood Retinal Barrier
_Phagocytic

25
Q

Chemo. For Retinoblastoma

A

C- Carboplatin
E- Etoposide
V- Vincristine

For u/l Rb
G2- C + V
G3- C + E + V
G4- C + E + V
G5- Enucleation ( eyeball w optic nerves)

26
Q

Conditions for G5 Rb..!

A
  1. Tumor occupies >50% of total vol. Of eye
  2. If Vitreous haemorrage present.
  3. If Rubeosis iridis seen
27
Q

Cystoid Macular Edema !!

A

⭐R/f ( RUN for PRIDE )
_Retinitis Pigmentosa
_Uveitis
_Niacin / Nicotine

_Prostaglandin analogue
_Retinal Vein occlusion
_Irvin gass syndrome
_Diabetic retinopathy
_Epinephrine in Aphakia

◾️loss of Central vision
Metamorphopsia

⭐on FFA
Flower Petal or petalloid🌺🌻🌹🌷
appearance

◾️Tx : STEROID mainstay

28
Q

D/d Cherry red Spots 🍒

A
  1. Cherry - CRAO
  2. Tree - Trauma blunt
  3. Never - Nieman pick ds
  4. Grow - Gangliosidosis 1
  5. Tall in - Tay sach ds
  6. Sand - Sandhoff ds
  7. Mud & - Metachromatic leucodystrophy
  8. Grit - Gaucher ds
29
Q

Lowe Syndrome

A

◾️Inborn Error of Amino Acid Metabolism.
AKA: occulo-cerebro-renal syndrome

Occular feature:-
Congenital Cataract
Glaucoma
Blue sclera

30
Q

Best diagnostic test for BEST disease

A

Electro occulogram ( EOG)

Myclass (18 decks)

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