Ophthalmology Flashcards
Layers of CORNIA
- Epithelium( Non keratinised Stratified Squamous epi. ➡️ can regenerate)
- Bowman’s ( NOT true basement memb. ie. PAS -VE , canNOT regenerate)
- Stroma ( Thickest layer)
- Dua ( Strongest layer)
- Descemet ( Secreted by underlying Epithelium ➡️ can regenerate)
- Endothelium ( METABOLICALLY ACTIVE single cell layer)
Kestenbaum index
No.Of small blood vessels÷large blood vessels
Normal =10
OPTIC ATROPHY in <7
*Other sign of optic atrophy - PALLOR of optic nerve
Tear break up time employ with which dye?
Fluorescine dye
Test name _ SIEDLE TEST
Reverse case of Horner syndrome..
Pourfour De Petit syndrome
( hyperactivity of Occulosympathatic system)
What is Cogan Dictum?
For LOCALISATION pf Lesion
⬇️
OPTOKINATIC NYSTAGMUS
(OKN)
⬇️ ⬇️
Symmetric Nystagmis Erratic pursuit move
- Occipital lobe - Perietal lobe
- due Trauma - due Tumor
( SO EP)
Keyhole shaped defects
AKA Quadruple sectoranopia
_Seen in PARIETAL LOBE LESION in LGB
_due lesion of Anterior Choroidal Artery
As it supply few minutes part of LGB
Anton Syndrome?
A clinical feature of Cortical Blindness
_is DENIAL of blindness
⭐other features of cortical blindness
_RIDDOCH phenomenon
⬇️
ie. Perception of kinetic dim light
But
Not of a bright lit stick
Center for light reflex..
Pretactal nuclei
_ at the level of Superior colliculip
Causes of MACULAR STAR appearance…
- Neuroretinitis
- HTN retina
- Papilledema
- Papillitis
- Retinal Angioma
C/f of Optic Neuritis..
2CUP Mar
ie.
C- Central scotoma C- Color blindness
U- U/l loss of vision U- Uthofff sign
P- Pain ( retrobulbar) P- Pulfrich phenomenon
Marcus gunn pupil
Grading for Papilledema…
⭐FRISEN Scale
1- C shaped Halo with a Temporal gap
2- Halo bcm Circumferential
3- loss of major vessels as they leave the disc
4- loss of major vessels in the Disc also
5- Obscuration of All vessels
Clinical features of Trachoma ( Egyptian opthalmia)…..
- Sago grain follicles ⭐
Shows necrosis & Leber cells - Arlt sign
- Herbert pits ( PATHOGNOMIC)
- Pannus- vascularisation of cornea
Complication _-corneal ulcer due to trichiasis
Treatment_- SAFE strategy
WHO classification_- FISTO
Mattendorf dots… ?
A remement of HYALOID ARTERY on posterior surface of lens
⭐similar conditions !!
_Bergmeister papillae - Remnant on the OPTIC DISC
Urea soluble proteins of the lens!
Are Water insoluble proteins.
_ r cytoskeletal proteins
⬇️
If disrupt
⬇️
Cateract formation
_ Names?
◾️Vimentin
◾️Filesin
◾️Phakinin
Transporter for Ascorbic acid inside Lens…
Na dependent transporter
ie.
SVCT 2
( Active transportation )
Causes of COMPLICATED Cateract!
Mnemonic - UMAR
U- Uveitis
M- Myopia
A- Angle closure Glaucoma
R- Retinitis Pigmentosa
_Posterior Subcapsular Cateract
_Bread crumbs appearance
_Polychromatic lusture on light
What is SECOND SIGHT?
Improvement in NEAR VISION due to NUCLEAR Cateract
INDEX MYOPIA
⭐in pat. who is already PRESHBIOPIC
Tumors of the Lacrimal gland…name.
- Pleomorphic Adenoma ( Benign)
- Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma ( Malignant)
⬇️ Eye pushed downward & medially
Tests for near vision..!
- Jaeger chart ⭐
- Roman test
- Snellen near vision chart
Tests for CONTRAST SENSITIVITY..!
- Pelli Roisson chart ⭐
- Ragan chart
- Arden grating
- Fact chart
Visual cortex area ?
_Brodmann area
_ area 17,18,19 of CALCRINE cortex of occipital lobe
Fundus signs in MYOPIA!
- Temporal myopic Crescent ( zone of choreoretinal Atrophy
- Tessellated/Tigroid appearance of fundus
(Diffused Attenuation of RPE) - Supertraction ( Tilted optic disc)
- Lacquer cracks ( Breaks in Bruch’s memb.)
- Foster fuch spots ( areas of Subretinal haemorrage in Macula
- Posterior staphyloma
- Vitreous haemorrage
- Rhagmatogenous RD
Treatment for Astigmatism !
- Spects ( cylindrical)
- Sx -Astigmatic LASIK
-Limbal Relaxing Incision (LRI)
-Ruiz procedure ie. Post keratoplasty
astigmatism - Contact lenses ( Toric)
Layers of Retina…
ING (IOP) ×2
I- Internal Limiting membrane ( Muller cells)
N- Nerve fiber layer
_ forms OPTIC NERVE
_ collection of Axons of ganglion cells
_3rd order neurons
G- Ganglion cell layer
I- Inner plexiform layer
I- Inner Nuclear layer
_ Bipolar cells
_2nd order neurons
O-Outer Plexiform layer
O- Outer Nuclear layer
_ie. False basement membrane
_External Limiting layer
P- Photoreceptor
_Rods & Cones
_1st order neurons
P- Pigment Epithelium (RPE)
_form Blood Retinal Barrier
_Phagocytic
