ophthalmic exam

Question 1

instruments

basic

Answer 1

• magnification
• light source
• opthalmoscope

Question 2

light source

Answer 2

finoff transilluminator

• bright, focal light source
• superior to pen-light

Question 3

what do we evaluate

Answer 3

• pain
• symmetry
• eye size and position
• periocular region

Question 4

eye size

problems

Answer 4

• bupthalmos
• microphthalmos
• phthisis bulbi

Question 5

eye position

problems

Answer 5

• exophthalmos
• enophthalmos
• strabismus

Question 6

examination

Answer 6

• neuro-opthalmic examination (assess CN, reflexes, and vision)
• perform diagnostic tests (STT, Fluorescein dye, IOP)
• systematic exam (right then left, “outside to in”, “front to back”

Question 7

cranial nerves that are examined

Answer 7

II, III, IV, V, VI, VII

Question 8

ocular reflexes that are examined

Answer 8

• PLR
• menance
• palpebral
• dazzle

Question 9

what do we assess first

Answer 9

pupil

Question 10

which CNs does PLR assess

Answer 10

CN II and III

Question 11

which CNs does the palpebral reflex assess

Answer 11

CN V, VII

Question 12

which CNs does the menance response assess

Answer 12

CN II, VII, visual cortex

Question 13

which CNs does the dazzle reflex assess

Answer 13

CN II and VII

Question 14

assessment of vision

Answer 14

menance and dazzle

• not strictly tests of vision

relies on

• observation
• response to visual stimuli

Question 15

tonometry

Answer 15

measurement of intraocular pressure

Question 16

anterior chamber assess

Answer 16

• clarity
• depth

Question 17

posterior segment assess

Answer 17

• dilate pupil
• tropicamide 1% (parasympathomimetic, time of onset, duration, varies with species)

Question 18

examin lens

Answer 18

• stand back, examine at arm’s length
• find fundic (tapetal) reflex

Question 19

a normal lense should be

Answer 19

optically clear

Question 20

a cloudy lens (opaque) =

Answer 20

cataract

Question 21

lens assessment

Answer 21

• direct and retro-illumination
• pupil dilation is critical
• note position, amount of opacity

Question 22

what is the fundus

Answer 22

enormus variation in the dog

• number of retinal vessels
• appearance of tapetum (color, size)
• optic nerve (shape, size)

less so in the cat

Question 23

direct ophthalmoscopy

Answer 23

• small, magnified view
• held between your face and patient’s mouth
• easy to use

Question 24

lens in indirect ophthalmoscopy

Answer 24

• hand-held, convex
• large field of view
• most useful in vet species
• image is inverted and reversed
• challenging to learn