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PHAR 154 > Ophthalmic > Flashcards

Ophthalmic Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Transparent, anterior portion of the eye with NO blood vessels
Pain receptors present

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2
Q

What is the sclera?

A

Posterior aspect of the eye’s outer surface
White fibrous tissue (if inflamed white section becomes red)

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3
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

Membrane covering the sclera and inside the eyelids
Has blood vessel supply (allergies affect this)

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4
Q

When to refer for first aid scenarios?

A

2 days if no improvement

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5
Q

Symptoms and red flags of black eye

A

Changes in vision (esp. double vision)
NV, dizziness (concussion)
RF: swelling NOT receding after a few days

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6
Q

Treatment of black eye

A

Self-limiting: swelling gone in few days
Bruising gone within weeks
Ice packs and analgesics are great

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7
Q

Symptoms of a foreign body in the eye

A

Immediate increase in tearing, irritation, scratchy

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8
Q

Treatment for a foreign body

A

AVOID rubbing
Gentle rinsing with warm water
If cannot be removed -> cover eye + MD care
Close both eyes if possible

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9
Q

Treatment for chemical contact in eye

A

Flush eye, hold eyelids away from eye for 15 minutes
Remove contact lenses

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10
Q

Symptoms of radiant energy in eye (sun blindness/snow blindness)

A

Red eyes, itchy, foreign body sensation
Possible UV causes:
Skiers - reflection via water and snow
Not using goggles in suntan booth

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11
Q

Treatment for mild cases of radiant energy

A

Cool compresses
Non-medicated eye drops
Sunglasses for a few days

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12
Q

What are the non-medicated eye drops?

A

Murine (supplementary tears)
Visine (saline drops)
Systane (saline drops)

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13
Q

What is the DOC for dry eye syndrome?

A

Systane (artificial tears)
More of a lubricant that stays around longer

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14
Q

What are the three layers of the tear film?

A

Outer surface (layer) is oily
Middle layer is mainly aqueous
Inner layer is mucoidal

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15
Q

Etiology of dry eyes

A

Dryness occurs when the outer oily layer is gone so middle aqueous layer dries up faster
Changes to tear component, alteration in blink frequency and efficacy

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16
Q

Symptoms of dry eyes

A

Dry sensation, itchiness, redness
Sensitivity to light, difficulty blinking
Less tears produced

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17
Q

Factors affecting dry eyes

A

Age
Blepharitis
Medications
Sjorgrens syndrome (from contacts)
Menopause
Allergic conjunctivitis

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18
Q

Preserved treatment for dry eyes

A

Systane artificial tears
Starting point
Anything up to QID dosing

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19
Q

Unpreserved treatment of dry eyes

A

Refresh artificial tears
Single use
Has 1 less chemical for less irritation anything MORE than QID dosing

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20
Q

Liquid -> gel treatment for dry eyes

A

GenTeal
Starts as a liquid, becomes gel like in the eye (can give more relief)
Can cause bluriness (apply at home)

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21
Q

Ointments / gel treatment for dry eyes

A

GenTeal gel
More for overnight relief
HS dosing = the most bluriness caused

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22
Q

Other treatments for dry eyes

A

Humidifier
Lid margin hygiene
Plug the ducts
Cyclosporine drops
Omega 3 fatty acids
Heat at night

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23
Q

Presentation/etiology of a stye

A

Etiology: infected hair follicle
Swelling, tender, progresses to pimple-like
No changes to vision, redness

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24
Q

Treatment of stye

A

Self-limiting
NO squeezing
Warm compresses
Maybe ointment antibiotic if serious

25
Q

Chalazion presentation and etiology

A

Etiology: obstruction of an oil gland
Generally painless and slow to develop
(Like stye)

26
Q

Treatment of chalazion

A

Warm compresses
Massage (can help clear up obstruction of fat)

27
Q

Presentation / etiology of conjunctival hyperaemia

A

Wont be able to tell a difference will just look red

28
Q

Etiology of sub-conjunctival hemorrhage

A

Blood vessels in the area break
Refer to MD!

29
Q

Treatment for sub-conjunctival hemorrhage

A

7-10 days to clear
Decongestant will NOT help

30
Q

Etiology and presentation of hyperaemia

A

Etiology: many causes -
Dust, smoke, chlorine, low humidity, eye strain, contact lenses
Symptoms of ocular conditions (blepharitis, rosacea)

31
Q

Treatment for hyperaemia

A

Flush out if possible
Murine is the DOC
Cool compresses can help

32
Q

Etiology and presentation of blepharitis

A

Etiology: disorder of meibomian glands caused by two types - bacterial(kids) and seborrheic (older adults)

Every blink hurts
Sticky eyelids in morning
Inflammation of the eyelid margins
Scales

33
Q

Treatment for bacterial blepharitis

A

Eyelid hygiene
Topical antibiotics
Polysporin or blephamide (rx)

34
Q

Treatment for seborrheic blepharitis

A

Eyelid hygiene
Check / treat scalp with anti fungal
Warm compresses / massage
Treatment for 3 weeks up to months

35
Q

Etiology / presentation of pink eye conjunctivitis

A

Most likely will be bacterial&raquo_space; viral > allergic
MD referral paediatric&raquo_space; adult

36
Q

treatment of pink eye

A

Most are self-limiting over 2-3 days

37
Q

Etiology / presentation of allergic conjunctivitis

A

Seasonal&raquo_space; perennial
Other allergy symptoms (sneezing, itchy, runny nose)
BOTH eyes affected

38
Q

Etiology / presentation of bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Exudate from eye / exudate from lid margin / blepharitis
Sticky eyelids is the main feature

39
Q

Treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Wait and see for 3 days before starting antibiotics
Topical antibiotics - 1st choice
Polysporin good backup if MD visit not possible

40
Q

Etiology / presentation of viral conjunctivitis

A

Starts in 1 eye -> 2nd involved in 1/3 of cases
Often follows a cold
Should be painless

41
Q

Treatment for viral conjunctivitis

A

Symptomatic care: clean eyes, avoid towel sharing
NO antibiotics
Improvement in 2 days

42
Q

Viral conjunctivitis treatment in kids

A

Symptomatic care

43
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis treatment in kids

A

Can refer or prescribe
Giving eye drops

44
Q

Non-medical treatment for allergic conjunctivitis

A

Cool compresses / avoid allergen
Non-medicated drops

45
Q

Drug treatments for allergic conjunctivitis

A

Topical antihistamines
Oral antihistamines
Topical chromolyn et el
Decongestants
Ocular steroids - DOC
Topical NSAID

46
Q

OTC and rx topical antihistamine for allergic conjunctivitis

A

OTC: Naphcon A (skip, go to rx)
Rx: livestin, zaditor, emadine - can prescribe these

47
Q

Oral antihistamine for allergic conjunctivitis

A

Naphcon A - 1st gen so not great

48
Q

OTC and rx topical cromonlyn for allergic conjunctivitis

A

BETTER then antihistamine
OTC: opticrom (mast cell stabilizer)
Rx: patanol, alocril, alomide

49
Q

Topical and oral decongestants for allergic conjunctivitis

A

Topical: visine, opcon-A (topical not that good)
Oral: no value for eyes only for nasal

50
Q

Ocular steroids for allergic conjunctivitis

A

DOC but concern for increased IOP
Nasal is DOC with minimal AE

51
Q

Optical NSAID for allergic conjunctivitis

A

Acular (ketorolac) - more for after surgeries

52
Q

When to see optometrist for floaters in:
Older patient:
Quick onset:
Vision changes:

A

Older patient: 6 months
Quick onset: 2 months
Vision changes: 2 days

53
Q

What is blepharospasm?

A

Benign twitches in eyelids

54
Q

What happens with an obstructed tear duct?

A

Tears do not drain away - common in newborns

55
Q

Causes of eye bags

A

Genetics!!
Aging
Maybe sleep

56
Q

Presentation / etiology of AMD dry type

A

Fat deposits -> lead to damaged macula
There is early - intermediate - advanced

57
Q

Treatment for AMD dry type

A

Secondary prevention is key
AREDs formula - slow progression

58
Q

Presentation / etiology of wet type AMD

A

Advanced type only

PHAR 154 (9 decks)

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