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PHAR 154 > Ophthalmic > Flashcards

Ophthalmic Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Transparent, anterior portion of the eye with NO blood vessels
Pain receptors present

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2
Q

What is the sclera?

A

Posterior aspect of the eye’s outer surface
White fibrous tissue (if inflamed white section becomes red)

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3
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

Membrane covering the sclera and inside the eyelids
Has blood vessel supply (allergies affect this)

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4
Q

When to refer for first aid scenarios?

A

2 days if no improvement

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5
Q

Symptoms and red flags of black eye

A

Changes in vision (esp. double vision)
NV, dizziness (concussion)
RF: swelling NOT receding after a few days

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6
Q

Treatment of black eye

A

Self-limiting: swelling gone in few days
Bruising gone within weeks
Ice packs and analgesics are great

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7
Q

Symptoms of a foreign body in the eye

A

Immediate increase in tearing, irritation, scratchy

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8
Q

Treatment for a foreign body

A

AVOID rubbing
Gentle rinsing with warm water
If cannot be removed -> cover eye + MD care
Close both eyes if possible

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9
Q

Treatment for chemical contact in eye

A

Flush eye, hold eyelids away from eye for 15 minutes
Remove contact lenses

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10
Q

Symptoms of radiant energy in eye (sun blindness/snow blindness)

A

Red eyes, itchy, foreign body sensation
Possible UV causes:
Skiers - reflection via water and snow
Not using goggles in suntan booth

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11
Q

Treatment for mild cases of radiant energy

A

Cool compresses
Non-medicated eye drops
Sunglasses for a few days

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12
Q

What are the non-medicated eye drops?

A

Murine (supplementary tears)
Visine (saline drops)
Systane (saline drops)

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13
Q

What is the DOC for dry eye syndrome?

A

Systane (artificial tears)
More of a lubricant that stays around longer

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14
Q

What are the three layers of the tear film?

A

Outer surface (layer) is oily
Middle layer is mainly aqueous
Inner layer is mucoidal

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15
Q

Etiology of dry eyes

A

Dryness occurs when the outer oily layer is gone so middle aqueous layer dries up faster
Changes to tear component, alteration in blink frequency and efficacy

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16
Q

Symptoms of dry eyes

A

Dry sensation, itchiness, redness
Sensitivity to light, difficulty blinking
Less tears produced

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17
Q

Factors affecting dry eyes

A

Age
Blepharitis
Medications
Sjorgrens syndrome (from contacts)
Menopause
Allergic conjunctivitis

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18
Q

Preserved treatment for dry eyes

A

Systane artificial tears
Starting point
Anything up to QID dosing

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19
Q

Unpreserved treatment of dry eyes

A

Refresh artificial tears
Single use
Has 1 less chemical for less irritation anything MORE than QID dosing

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20
Q

Liquid -> gel treatment for dry eyes

A

GenTeal
Starts as a liquid, becomes gel like in the eye (can give more relief)
Can cause bluriness (apply at home)

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21
Q

Ointments / gel treatment for dry eyes

A

GenTeal gel
More for overnight relief
HS dosing = the most bluriness caused

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22
Q

Other treatments for dry eyes

A

Humidifier
Lid margin hygiene
Plug the ducts
Cyclosporine drops
Omega 3 fatty acids
Heat at night

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23
Q

Presentation/etiology of a stye

A

Etiology: infected hair follicle
Swelling, tender, progresses to pimple-like
No changes to vision, redness

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24
Q

Treatment of stye

A

Self-limiting
NO squeezing
Warm compresses
Maybe ointment antibiotic if serious

25
Chalazion presentation and etiology
Etiology: obstruction of an oil gland Generally painless and slow to develop (Like stye)
26
Treatment of chalazion
Warm compresses Massage (can help clear up obstruction of fat)
27
Presentation / etiology of conjunctival hyperaemia
Wont be able to tell a difference will just look red
28
Etiology of sub-conjunctival hemorrhage
Blood vessels in the area break Refer to MD!
29
Treatment for sub-conjunctival hemorrhage
7-10 days to clear Decongestant will NOT help
30
Etiology and presentation of hyperaemia
Etiology: many causes - Dust, smoke, chlorine, low humidity, eye strain, contact lenses Symptoms of ocular conditions (blepharitis, rosacea)
31
Treatment for hyperaemia
Flush out if possible Murine is the DOC Cool compresses can help
32
Etiology and presentation of blepharitis
Etiology: disorder of meibomian glands caused by two types - bacterial(kids) and seborrheic (older adults) Every blink hurts Sticky eyelids in morning Inflammation of the eyelid margins Scales
33
Treatment for bacterial blepharitis
Eyelid hygiene Topical antibiotics Polysporin or blephamide (rx)
34
Treatment for seborrheic blepharitis
Eyelid hygiene Check / treat scalp with anti fungal Warm compresses / massage Treatment for 3 weeks up to months
35
Etiology / presentation of pink eye conjunctivitis
Most likely will be bacterial >> viral > allergic MD referral paediatric >> adult
36
treatment of pink eye
Most are self-limiting over 2-3 days
37
Etiology / presentation of allergic conjunctivitis
Seasonal >> perennial Other allergy symptoms (sneezing, itchy, runny nose) BOTH eyes affected
38
Etiology / presentation of bacterial conjunctivitis
Exudate from eye / exudate from lid margin / blepharitis Sticky eyelids is the main feature
39
Treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis
Wait and see for 3 days before starting antibiotics Topical antibiotics - 1st choice Polysporin good backup if MD visit not possible
40
Etiology / presentation of viral conjunctivitis
Starts in 1 eye -> 2nd involved in 1/3 of cases Often follows a cold Should be painless
41
Treatment for viral conjunctivitis
Symptomatic care: clean eyes, avoid towel sharing NO antibiotics Improvement in 2 days
42
Viral conjunctivitis treatment in kids
Symptomatic care
43
Bacterial conjunctivitis treatment in kids
Can refer or prescribe Giving eye drops
44
Non-medical treatment for allergic conjunctivitis
Cool compresses / avoid allergen Non-medicated drops
45
Drug treatments for allergic conjunctivitis
Topical antihistamines Oral antihistamines Topical chromolyn et el Decongestants Ocular steroids - DOC Topical NSAID
46
OTC and rx topical antihistamine for allergic conjunctivitis
OTC: Naphcon A (skip, go to rx) Rx: livestin, zaditor, emadine - can prescribe these
47
Oral antihistamine for allergic conjunctivitis
Naphcon A - 1st gen so not great
48
OTC and rx topical cromonlyn for allergic conjunctivitis
BETTER then antihistamine OTC: opticrom (mast cell stabilizer) Rx: patanol, alocril, alomide
49
Topical and oral decongestants for allergic conjunctivitis
Topical: visine, opcon-A (topical not that good) Oral: no value for eyes only for nasal
50
Ocular steroids for allergic conjunctivitis
DOC but concern for increased IOP Nasal is DOC with minimal AE
51
Optical NSAID for allergic conjunctivitis
Acular (ketorolac) - more for after surgeries
52
When to see optometrist for floaters in: Older patient: Quick onset: Vision changes:
Older patient: 6 months Quick onset: 2 months Vision changes: 2 days
53
What is blepharospasm?
Benign twitches in eyelids
54
What happens with an obstructed tear duct?
Tears do not drain away - common in newborns
55
Causes of eye bags
Genetics!! Aging Maybe sleep
56
Presentation / etiology of AMD dry type
Fat deposits -> lead to damaged macula There is early - intermediate - advanced
57
Treatment for AMD dry type
Secondary prevention is key AREDs formula - slow progression
58
Presentation / etiology of wet type AMD
Advanced type only

PHAR 154 (9 decks)

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