Operations and Control

Question 1

Wing - Aerofoil, chord line, camber, AoA and RAF

Answer 1

Aerofoil: The wing. Leading edge is front edge and trailing edge is rear end.
Chord line runs through leading edge and trailing edge.
Relative airflow (RAF): Opposes direction of flight.
Angle of attack: Angle between RAF and chord line.
Camber: Curvature of aerofoil.

Question 2

Forces of flight

Answer 2

Weight: Acts on vertically downwards, towards the centre of earth. Centre of gravity will always be different for each flight.
Lift: Force produced by the wings acting through the centre of pressure. 90 to relative air flow.
Drag: Resistance to motion. 2 different types of drag.
Thrust: Force produced by propeller to pull the aircraft forwards.

Question 3

Lift formula and ISA

Answer 3

Lift Formula: LIFT = Coefficient of lift ½ p V^2 S
Cl = AoA and Camber
P = Air density aka row.
Denser air better lift, etc.
V = Velocity, indicator of speed.
S = Wing surface area.

ISA = International standard atmosphere. 15 degrees and 1013 HPA 14.7 PSI (tire pressure), those are the averages in atmosphere.

Question 4

Plane Movement

Answer 4

Elevator: Control stick moves elevator and aileron. Forwards down, backwards up. Changes the pitch of the nose. Primary, pitch. Secondary, Airspeed.
Aileron: Left to right, push the stick either way makes you go in that direction. Primary, roll. Secondary, Yaw.
Rudder: Control surface, rudder pedals, right pedal goes to right and vice versa for left. The purpose is to keep the airplane in balance. Primary, yaw. Secondary, roll.

Throttle in to increase power, out to decrease power.

Question 5

Speed effect and slipstream

Answer 5

Harder to move in and out. More reactive, when faster.
Slower, less reactive, and sloppy. Faster firm and reactive, Slow sloppy.

Slipstream: Makes a yawing effect to the left.
Cruise: left no rudder necessary. Offset fin.
Descent: right apply left rudder.
Climb: Apply the right rudder.
Research this more.

Question 6

Effect of power and trim

Answer 6

Trim: Used to relieve pressure, it holds controls in positions we need it too.
Holding forward: Trim forward
Holding back: Trim back.

Question 7

Effect of Flap

Answer 7

The inboard part of the wing that goes up and down.
Reasons we have it: Increases AoA, lower flap increase lift, higher flap less flap. Good for landing. More drag slows us down in air. Better forward visibility.
There are different types of Flap.