Operational Terms Flashcards
Functions of Cardiovascular system
1.Transport and distribute essential substances under dynamic physiological conditions (O2, glucose)
- Remove metabolic byproducts from tissues (CO2)
- Maintenance fluid balance
- Regulate body temperature
Relationship between cardiac output and oxygen consumption
- Linear relationship
- As one increases, so does the other
General integration pattern of metabolic and physiological systems
- Movement leads to the increase in ATP turnover by the muscle, and at the same time leads to an increase in heart rate and breathing.
- Integration of lungs, heart, and muscle
Changes in cardiac output
As cardiac output increases as a whole, blood flow to muscle also increases BUT blood flow to other destinations can either decrease (renal) or stay the same (cerebral)
**demonstrates change in cardiac output destinations and amount with exercise
Mean arterial pressure
MAP
- important to maintain blood pressure to ensure adequate systemic perfusion
Factors affecting MAP
-vascular anatomy
-vascular factors
-tissue factors
-neurohumoral factors
Cardiac
- Heart
- Pump
Systole
Contraction (usually ventricular)
Diastole
Relaxation (usually ventricular)
Cardiac output (CO)
- Blood pumped per unit time
- Calculated through heart rate and stroke volume (beats per min and volume of blood pumped per beat)
- CO=HR X SV
Heart Rate (HR)
Heart beats per minute
Stroke volume (SV)
Volume of blood pumped per beat
Intrinsic control mechanism of heart
The heart beats on its own (autorhythmicity)
Mechanical control of heart
The Frank Starling Mechanism
Neural and neurohumoral control of heart
Autonomic nervous system
Preload
Initial stretch of the heart prior to contraction
Afterload
The force the heart must eject blood against
Chronotrophy
Heart rate (frequency of beats)
Dromotrophy
Conduction velocity (speed of impulse)
Inotropy
Contractility (how hard the heart contracts)
Lusitropy
Rate of relaxation (how fast the heart relaxes)
Arteries
Tubes that direct blood flow away from heart
Veins
Tubes that direct blood flow back to heart
Blood flow
Volume of blood that travels through a blood vessel (artery or vein)
Blood pressure
Force of blood exerted on walls of blood vessels
Vascular resistance
- Force that must be overcome to push blood through the circulation
**Depends on length, viscosity, radius
Vasoconstriction
- Contraction/ tube getting smaller
- Results in increased resistance and reduced blood flow
Vasodilation
- Relaxation/ tube gets bigger
- Results in reduced resistance and increased blood flow
Capillary
Small blood vessels that serve as primary site for gas and nutrient exchange between cardiovascular system and tissues
Capillary bed
Interface between arterial and venous circulation
Lymph
Vessels that drain excess fluid, proteins, fats, etc., back into circulation
