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Cardiovascular (F&F) > Arteries, Veins, capillaries > Flashcards

Arteries, Veins, capillaries Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries

A

-large= elastic
-small=muscular
-arterioles=resistance

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2
Q

Capillaries

A

-small exchange vessels consisting of endothelial cell and basement membrane
-no smooth muscle
-large vascular volume
-organ-dependent features

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3
Q

Veins

A

-venules
-veins
-vena cava

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4
Q

Tissue layers of arteries and veins

A

-Tunica intima
-tunica media
-tunica externa (adventitia)

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5
Q

Tunica intima

A

-inner layer
-endothelium
-has some elastic tissue

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6
Q

Tunica media

A

-middle layer
-some elastic
-smooth muscle- contraction and relaxation results in opening and closing of artery

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7
Q

Tunica externa (adventitia)

A

-outside layer
-collagen/elastic fibers
-perivascular nerves

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8
Q

Elastic arteries

A

-come off of the heart
- buffer or absorb large pressures generated by the heart

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9
Q

Muscular arteries

A
  • Branch off of the aorta
  • Supply the organs
  • buffer or absorb pressures generated by the heart
  • have less elastic, more smooth muscle
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10
Q

Arterioles

A

-less elastic, more smooth muscle
-dilate and constrict to distribute blood flow within organs

in response to intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli
-primary determinants of systemic vascular resistance

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11
Q

Vascular tone

A

Tone is all about ability to fill vasculature

Greater if greater ability to fill
-increase diameter would result in decrease in tone

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12
Q

Winkessel effect

A
  • blood pushed through arteries causes stretching/pushing artery out and then a recoil as it moves through (bulging and then straightening)
  • reason why pressure does not change drastically when blood is pumped (keeps a constant pressure)
  • will slow pulse because the pulse has further to go rather than a straight line
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13
Q

Resistance and dilation vs. contraction

A
  • If dilate, than resistance to flow will decrease, therefore MAP decreases
  • If constriction, resistance increases and therefore MAP (mean arterial pressure) increases
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14
Q

MAP equation

A

Cardiac output X Systemic vascular resistance

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15
Q

CO equation

A

Stroke volume X Heart Rate

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16
Q

Blood pressure flow throughout system

A
  • Pressure flows from high to low (from right to left side of heart)
  • Lower pressure in capillaries and veins
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17
Q

Blood velocity throughout system

A

Blood velocity related to total cross-sectional area
- Blood velocity high in arteries and decreases as it reaches capillaries (since they have the largest cross-sectional area- ideal for nutrient exchange), then blood velocity increases again through the veins (although slower than arteries)

18
Q

Capillary permeability

A

-highly permeable
- 3 possibilities: continuous, fenestrated, discontinuous

19
Q

Continuous capillaries

A
  • Continuous basement membrane and the intercellular clefts between neighbouring cells is tight
  • Present in areas where you want selective passage (ex. CNS, lungs, muscle, skin)
20
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

-perforations in endothelium allowing for some passage
-Ex. renal glomeruli, intestinal mucosa, exocrine glands

21
Q

Discontinuous capillaries

A
  • Gaps and large intercellular clefts allowing for lots of passage
  • Ex. liver, spleen, bone marrow
22
Q

Routes in which nutrients can travel in capillaries

A

-Diffusion
-vesicular or active transport
-fused vesicular pores
Intercellular clefts

23
Q

Capillaries and RBC movement

A

Capillaries are very small, allow one RBC to move through at a time and even then they must alter their shape to fit through

24
Q

Calveolae

A

Membrane bound vesicles involved in endocytosis and transcytosis of larger macromolecules from blood to the interstitial space

25
Q

Capillary density, exercise, and aging

A
  • Capillary density can be increased with exercise along with the increase in ventricle size which can increase cardiovascular ability
  • Aging can decrease all of these
26
Q

Capillary Refill Time (CRT)

A

-pink mucous membranes
-can compress membranes and measure the time it takes for the colour to return
- should be less than 1.5-2 secs

27
Q

Discoloured (grey,white), slow CRT

A

-indicator of poor circulation
-common with heart problems
-linked with hypovolemia, low blood pressure, dehydration, shock, low or high pulse rate (arrhythmia), anemia, capillary rarefaction

28
Q

Discoloured (red), fast CRT

A
  • Uncommon
  • Indicator of overperfusion
  • Linked to high blood pressure, high pulse rate, and local inflammation
29
Q

Venules

A

-furthest from the heart
-receive blood from capillaries
-thin walled and prone to rupture
- low pressure

30
Q

Veins

A

-capacitance vessels (store electric charge)
-one-way valves to prevent backflow
- low pressure
- distention occurs but the recoil does not. Reason why you can hold off a vein and blood will pool and why lower pressure occurs

31
Q

Vena Cava

A

-closest to heart, returns blood to the right atrium

32
Q

Central venous pressure

A

-pressure in the vena cava
- primary determinant of right ventricular filling/preload

33
Q

Jugular vein distention (JVD)

A

-occurs when the central venous pressure is above normal healthy value resulting in blood backing up into the veins causing them to bulge and pulse

34
Q

Causes of jugular vein distention (JVD)

A

-cardiac tamponade or pericarditis
-vena cava obstruction
-tricuspid valve stenosis
-right sided heart failure or pulmonary hypertension

35
Q

Cardiac tamponade or pericarditis

A

Restricted filling

36
Q

Vena cava obstruction

A

-tumor in the chest prevents blood from entering the atria

37
Q

Tricuspid valve stenosis

A

-valve can become stiff, the entry of blood from the atria to the ventricle is impeded

38
Q

Right sided heart failure or pulmonary hypertension

A

-the right ventricle does not empty during systole (increased afterload)

39
Q

Histology of artery

A

-3 distinct layers
-more smooth muscle, large tunica media
-hold shape

40
Q

Histology of capillary

A

-small
-no smooth muscle
-sometimes contain RBC

41
Q

Histology of vein

A

-thin walls
-wide lumen
- often do not hold shape

Cardiovascular (F&F) (19 decks)

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