Operation of Systems Flashcards
Four Main Control Surfaces
Elevators (lateral axis- pitch)
Ailerons (longitudinal- roll)
Rudder (vertical- yaw)
Trim (release manual pressure)
Flight Control Operation
Control Wheel (ailerons & elevator)
Rudder/Brake (Rudder)
Flaps
Permit slower airspeed and a steeper angle of descent during landing approach
Braking System
Hydraulically actuated disc-type brakes
Hydraulic line connects each brake to master cylinder on each pilot rudder pedal
Hydraulic Fluid
MIL-H-5606 Mineral-based
Odor similar to penetrating oil and dyed red
Engine
Lycoming, 160 HP
direct drive, air-cooled, horizontally opposed, four-cylinder, carbureted engine
Four Strokes in each cylinder
Suck, Squeeze, Bang, Blow
Intake- piston starts downward travel, intake valve open & fuel-air mixture drawn into cylinder
Compression- intake valve closes, piston starts moving back to top of cylinder
Power- Fuel-air mixture ignited, cylinder pressure increase and forces piston downward away from cylinder head creating power that turns crankshaft
Exhaust- purge cylinder of burned gases. exhaust valve opens and piston moves toward cylinder again.
Carburetor
Process of mixing fuel and air in correct proportions to form combustible mixture
Vaporizes liquid fuel into small particles and mixes it with air
Carborator Heat
Allows unfiltered heated air from a shroud to be directed to induction air manifold prior to carburetor
Results in richer mixture, (less air for same amount of fuel), can cause decrease in engine power up to 15%
Mixture control
Regulates fuel to air ratio
To prevent mixture being too rich at high altitudes with decreasing air density. Also to conserve fuel and provide optimum power.
Fuel Injection System
Injects fuel directly into cylinders:
- Engine-driven fuel pump
- Fuel/air control unit
- Fuel Manifold valve
- Discharge nozzles
- Auxiliary Fuel Pump
- Fuel pressure/flow indicators
Ignition System
Two engine-driven magnetos and two spark plugs per cylinder
Fuel Used
100 LL Blue (100 Green Min)
Fuel System
Two 24 usable gallon tanks
Engine driven pump with an auxiliary electric fuel pump in case of failure, always on for take offs and landings
Can non-turbine piston engine be fueled with Jet A
Run briefly but detonation and overheating will soon cause power failure
Electrical System
14 volt 60 amp alternator
Secondary 12 volt battery
Powers:
Radio, turn coordinator, fuel gauges, pitot heat, interior and exterior lights
Ammeter
indicates flow of current, in amperes, from alternator to battery or battery to electrical system
Indicates charging rate of battery
Voltage regulator
Monitors system voltage, detects changes, and makes required adjustments in output of alternator to maintain a constant regulated system voltage
Cabin Heat
Fresh air, heated by exhaust shroud, directed to cabin through series of ducts
5 Functions of Engine Oil
Lubricates parts
Cools by reducing friction
Removes heat from cylinders
Seals between cylinder walls and pistons
Cleans by carrying off metal and carbon particles & other oil contaminants
Carburetor Icing
Vaporization of fuel + expansion of air passing through carburetor = sudden cooling of mixture
Water vapor squeezed out by cooling and if temp reaches freezing point or below moisture deposited as frost of ice in carburetor
First indication- loss of RPM
Will know if working if after initial loss, RPM rises and after turned off rises more
Icing favorable temp less than 70, humidity above 80%
Detonation
Uncontrolled, explosive ignition of fuel/air mixture within cylinders combustion chamber
Causes excessive temps and pressure, high cylinder head temps likely when operating at high power setting
Causes:
lower fuel grade
High manifold pressure + low RPM
high power settings + lean mixture
Steep climbs where cylinder cooling reduced
Preignition
Fuel/air mixture ignites prior to engines normal ignition event resulting in reduced engine power and high operating temperatures
Usually caused by residual hot spot in combustion chamber
Correct with reduction of power, reduce climb rate, enrich fuel/air mixture
No RPM drop while testing one magneto
P-lead not grounding on that side OR magneto failed and engine has been entirely running on other magneto
Ammeter continuous discharge
Alternator has quit producing a charge, circuit breaker should be checked and reset
If that doesn’t work, alternator should be turned off, pull breaker, turn off all non essential electrical power, land asap
Ammeter excessive rate of charge (more than 2 needles)
battery would overheat and evaporate electrolyte, possible explosion of battery
Turn off alternator, pull breaker, turn off all electrical equipment not essential, land asap
Low oil pressure but oil temp normal
Low oil pressure could mean insufficient oil
If temp continues normal a clogged oil pressure relief valve or gangue could be culprit
Land asap to check
Loss of power inflight
Best Glide
Best Field
Check carb heat, fuel tanks, fuel selector, mixture control, magnetos
Engine Fire
mixture idle, valve off, switch off, cabin heat and air vents off, increase descent
Engine fire on start up
Increase higher RPM for a few moments then shut down engine
If engine didn’t start set throttle to full, mixture idle, continue try engine start to put out fire by vacuum
Fire continue = turn off ignition, master switch, and fuel selector. Evacuate and get fire extinguisher.