Cross-Country Flight Planning Flashcards
Required Preflight Cross Country
NW KRAFT
NOTAMS
Weather Reports & Forecasts
Known ATC Delays
Runway Lengths
Alternatives if planned flight cannot be completed
Fuel Requirements
Takeoff/Landing Distance Data
VFR Aeronautical Charts
Sectional Charts - visual nav for slow-medium speed aircraft. Revised every 56 days. 1in= 6.86 NM
VFR Terminal Area Charts- Class B Airspace with more detail. Revised every 56 days. 1 in= 3.43NM
VFR Flyaway Planning Charts- Reverse side of TAC, flight paths and altitudes recommended for use to bypass high traffic areas
Chart Supplement
Updates visual charts between editions
Pilots should review info on each airport:
Location, elevation, runways, lighting, available services, UNICOM, frequencies, traffic info, remarks, pert info
NOTAMs
Notice to Air Missions
Time critical aeronautical info, temporary or to be published later
Find at FNS NOTAM Search, faa.gov, or from FSS, 1800WXBrief, FIS-B
NOTAM classes
Domestic NOTAM- for all navigational facilities part of NAS listed in Chart Supplement
FDC NOTAM- regulatory info, certain US security activities/requirements, TFRs, laser light activity, amendments to IAPs
International NOTAM- duplicate data found in domestic, received from other country stored in FAA database
Military NOTAM- military or joint use facilities
3 Ways to Navigate
Pilotage (reference to visible landmarks and compares to chart)
Dead Reckoning (computing direction and distance from known position based on time, airspeed, distance, and direction)
Radio Navigation (using radio aids)
Factors for route of flight
Airspace (classes & requirments)
Airports (suitable for diversion and services)
Terrain & Obstacle Clearance (overfly obstacles?)
Navigation/communication capability (availability of Landmarks, VOR facilities)
Factors for selecting cruise altitude
Trip length (longer flight, higher alt for fuel consumption. Shorter, lower, less climb)
Winds aloft
A/C performance (time to climb, TAS, limitations)
Terrain & Obstacles
Gliding distance (higher better for emergencies)
VFR Cruise Alt above 3K AGL
Airspace
Weather
MEF
Maximum Elevation Figure
Highest elevation in quadrant to nearest 100ft, thousands and hundreds of ft above mean sea level
Flying Above Wildlife Refuge, park, forest
2K feet above surface
Latitude
Parallels, north and south of equator in degrees, minutes, seconds
Longitude
Meridians, east and west of Prime Meridian in degrees, minutes, seconds
UTC Conversion
Pacific +8 hours (+7 in daylight savings)
Eastern 5
Central 6
Mountain 7
Pacific 8
Alaska 9
Hawaii 10
Measure direction
Meridians, one point to another in degrees
True course taken at meridian near midpoint of course because meridians coverage near poles
Course v Heading
Course- intended path of a/c over earth
Heading- direction nose is pointing during flight with WCA applied
Magnetic Variation
Compass error from magnetic North Pole and geographic North Pole
E/W Variation
Isogonic Line
Broken magneta line, connect points of equal magnetic variation
Converting True Course/Heading to Magnetic
Magnetic Variation
East is least, subtract
West is best, add
Magnetic Deviation
Magnetic influences within a/c itself, diff for each a/c, found on deviation card
Final Compass Heading Formula
TC +- WCA = TH +- V = MH +- D = CH
VFR Flight Plan Requirements
A/C Identification Number/Call Sign
Type of Aircraft
Full name and address of PIC
Point and proposed time of departure
Proposed route, cruising altitude, TAS
Point of first intended landing
Amount of fuel on board (in hours)
Number of persons on board
Any other info pilot deems necessary
Flight Plan Activated:
Filed and activated with FSS
Control tower does not auto activate or close, pilots responsibility
DVFR
Defense VFR into ADIZ and required to file DVFR flight plan for security purposes
Search and Rescue when flight plan not closed
Fail to cancel, search and rescue starts one half-hour after ETA
VOR/VORTAC
Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range, 360 radials in all directions.
Almost all VOR also VORTAC (VHF Tactical Air Nav) providing standard bearing info and distance
Reception subject to line of sight restrictions
VOR Radial
Magnetic bearing, projects 360 radials from the station
VOR NAVAIDs
Terminal (T) 1K-12K 25NM
Low Alt (L) 1K-18K 40NM
High Alt (H) 1K-60K 40, 100, 130NM
VOR Low (VL) 1k-18k 40 70NM
VOR High (VH) 1k-60k 40-130NM
DME
Distance measuring equipment , Ultra high frequency
960MHz-1215MHz
Distances up to 199NM
New DME Standard Service Volumes
DME Low (DL) up to 12,900 feet ATH (above transmitter height) to 18K 130NM
DME High (DH) up to 12900, up to 60Kn100NM 45K 130NM
RAIM
Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
Self monitoring of GPS receiver, requires at least 5 GPS Satelites for IFR
use manufacturer supplied RAIM prediction tool or SAPT
without RAIM pilot has no assurance accuracy of GPS
Refer to POH/AFM tondetermine limitations and operating procedures for GPS
GPS receiver
3 satellites lat & long
4 lat long altitude
5 3D and RAIM
6 same but isolates corrupt signals
WAAS
Wide Area Augmentation System
Ground and satellite navigational error correction system
VFR Waypoints
Position awareness while navigating visually in aircraft, five letter identifier starting with VP
ADS-B
Automatic dependent surveillance broadcast
Aircraft can be detected, broadcasts gps position and altitude, velocity over data link
Transponder
Airborne Radar Beacon Receiver/Transmitter
4 types Radar Service
Basic- VFR safety alerts, traffic advisories, limited radar vectoring when requested
TRSA- same but also sequencing of IFR and participating VFR
Class C- same as TRSA but all IFR and VFR
CLASS b- same as C but also based on weight
Transponder modes
Mode A 4-digit code
Mode C position & pressure alt
Mode S same and permits data exchange
Notable Transponder Codes
1200 VFR
7500 Hijack
7600 communications Failure
7700 emergency
no GPS or DME how to find alternate
Straight edge & compass from nearby VOR
Approx distance with straight edge
Divert over prominent ground feature (immediately if emergency)
Note time, use winds aloft to calculate heading and GS then use those to determine ETA and fuel consumption
Priority to flying aircraft
Altitude consider clouds, terrain, radio
Cannot locate position
Climb, Communicate, Confess, Comply
Higher Alt, 121.5 if no other frequency, let them know problem, follow instructions
ARTCC
Air Route Traffic Control Center
ATC service to aircraft on IFR within controlled airspace, workload permitting VFR
ELT
Emergency Locator Transmitter
Operates on 121.5, 243.0, and 406MHz
Tested during first 5 mins of any hour
Inflight Emergency Part 91 Pilot Rules
PIC directly responsible and final authority to operation of aircraft, may deviate from any rule in Part 91 required by emergency, and shall upon request send written report of deviation to administrator
Dropping Objects
No dropping of objects that create hazard to persons or property unless reasonable precautions taken to avoid injury and damage
Formation Flight
Cannot fly close enough to cause collision
Cannot fly formation without prior arrangement of each pilot
No formation with passengers
Max airspeed below 10K
250knots
Minimum Safe Altitude congested area
Not below 1000 ft above highest obstacle and 2000 ft horizontal
Non congested minimum altitude
No lower than 500 ft above surface and in open water or sparsely populated no closer than 500 ft to any person, vessel, vehicle, and structure
Minimum Safe Altitude
An altitude if power fails an emergency landing without undue hazard to persons or property on surface
Below 18,000 ft cruising altitude maintained referencing altimeter set to
Barometric pressure 31.00 inHg or less must maintain cruising altitude by reference to an altimeter of current reported setting of station along route and within 100nm of aircraft
Altimeter setting not available
Use elevation of departure airport or appropriate alt setting before departure
Fuel VFR Day
Be able to fly at least 30 mins past first point of intended landing
Fuel VFR Night
Fly 45 mins after first intended point of landing
Supplemental Oxygen
Above 12,500 ft-14,000 more than 30 mins must be provided with and use supp oxygen
Above 14,000 MSL entire flight time flight crew provided with and uses supp oxygen
Above 15,000 MSL each occupant provided with supp oxygen
Aerobatic Flight
Intentional maneuver with abrupt change in aircraft altitude, abnormal attitude, abnormal acceleration
Parachutes required
Bank angle 60 or nose up/down
attitude 30 relative to horizon
Unless flight test
