Operating System Management (Chapter 1) Flashcards
NOS
Network Operating System
- OS designed to run servers on business networks
What is an OS
It provides a user interface between the user and the hardware/application.
- handles basic system functions
- consists of kernel (core files for hardware & programs)and shell (command line interface/GUI)
Business Client
OS design to work as a client to the Windows Sever product on a business networks
Home client
OS designed to work on standalone or workgroup PCs in a small office environments
Cellphone/tablet client
OS designed to work on handheld devices
Compatibility Issues
- Application are not always compatible with different OS
- OS updates might effect compatibility issues with drivers and apps
- different OS might communicate differently over a network
Shell
Is a command/GUI based interface that allows the user to interact with the OS. Acts as an intermediary between the user and the kernel, interpretation instructions from the user and translating them into instructions the kernel can execute
Kernel
The core components of an operating system that manages the system resources (hardware) and provides services to other programs running on the system. Acts as a bridge between the user and the systems resources.
OS licensing
OEM - Original Equipment Manufacturer ( Only valid on device it was bought on)
Retail Licence - transferable between devices
Window Work and Education Features
- Allows you to join a windows domain.
(Client can access NOS) - BitLocker (disk encryption)
- AppLocker (lock apps from certain users)
- Remote Desktop Sever
- Group Policy Editor
32-bit Vs 64-bit
- Drivers must be of the same bit as the OS
- 64-bit system can run both 32-bit & 64-bit apps
- 32-bit system can only run 32-bit apps
64-bit shared system files - %SystemRoot%\system32
32-bit shared system files - %SystemRoot%\syswow64
Windows Home Limite
- doesn’t support multiple CPU
- does not support windows Domain, BitLocker or Remote Desktop
- 64-bit restricted to 128GB Ram
Window Pro/ Education Limits
Pro/Education:
- 2CPUs upto 128cores
- 2TB Ram
Window Pro Workstation limits
Pro Workstation:
- 4 CPUs
- 6TB Memory
- ReFS (resilient file system)
Windows Enterprise Limits
Windows Enterprise:
- 4 CPUs
- 6TB Memory
- ReFS (resilient file system)
- UX control ( user experience control)
Window update path
Feature update
- identified by name & number
- number corresponds to release date
1607 - July (07) 2016 (16)
Window N editions
Are editions of main windows edition that do not have multimedia apps installed, this disabling the network ports that would’ve used them, making the system more secured
Window Files System
NTFS (New Technology File System)
- Reliable and security features
- Required file system for windows boot volume
FAT32 ( File Allocation Table 32)
- legacy file system
- used for compatibility between OS
exFAT ( Extensible File Allocation Table)
- updated version of FAT32 with support for larger drives & file size (+4GB)
NTFS features
Journaling
- when data is written to a drive it is re-read, verified and logged
Dynamic Disk
- disk management features allows space on multiple drives to be combined into volume (RAID)
Snapshots
- allows the shadow copy service to make read only copies of files at any point in time (even if locked)
Security
- permission & ownership
- file access audit trails
- encrypting file system (EFS)
POSIX compliance
- support UNIX/Linux compatibility
ReFS features
Resilient File System
- only available on Pro Workstation & Enterprise
- can’t be used as a boot drive
Advantages
- automatic integrity & data scrubbing
- protection against data degradation
- built in hard drive failure & redundancy
- RAID integration
- larger drive space
ReFS features
Resilient File System
- only available on Pro Workstation & Enterprise
- can’t be used as a boot drive
Advantages
- automatic integrity & data scrubbing
- protection against data degradation
- built in hard drive failure & redundancy
- RAID integration
- larger drive space
Apple OS
macOS is built in top of the UNIX based kernel
Spotlight
macOS search feature for files, apps, images, ect
Finder
macOS file manger, similar to windows explorer
Remote Disk
Ability to share the optical drive of one Mac to another, designed to share data and files, not for media streaming
Mission Control and Spaces
macOS ability to create multiple desktop
Keychain
Is a built in macOS password management program
System preferences
macOS version of windows control panel that allows the user to modify various system settings
Terminal
macOS command line access to the OS,
Command prompt for windows
Image Recovery
macOs ability to build a disk image of the system and is stored on a .dmg file
Force Quite
macOS ability to force a program to working, similar to windows task manager
Boot Camp
Dual-boot into windows on a Mac hardware.
Installs windows OS and drivers on a Boot Camp partition
Time Machine backups
macOS backup software
Disk Utility
macOS disk and images management,
Similar to windows disk management
Chrome OS
- Based on Linux OS
- Made by google
- designed to perform all tasks via internet
- stores data on cloud
- software installed via googles web apps
- works on laptop designed for this system: Chromebook
Ext4
- Linux file system
- Journaling
- 48-bit addressing
APFS
Apple file System
- journaling
- encryption
- 64-bit addressing
UNIX based OS
A family of OS running mission critical applications and infrastructure
- portable to different hardware
- interchangeable shell that runs on the kernel
UNIX /Linux
System updates
- command line tools
- apt-get
Driver/firmware updates
- drivers are stored in kernel
- drivers update when kernel updates
Commands are similar for UNIX, Linux and MacOS
Network compatibility
- Devices using different OS cannot connect and exchange data directly
- OS must support common network protocol (TCP/IP)
Linux-Based OS
Linux OS is a fully open source OS kernel, derived from UNIX
- different distribution of Linux (android)
Android OS
Open source OS derived from Linux
- developed for mobile phones and smart watches
Distribution (distros)
A complete OS based on Linux, supporting kernel, shell, application and utilities that is packaged and supported by a software vendor.
Eg, Android, Red Hat, Ubuntu, ect
Linux User Accounts
Root user/ Super user
- a user that has full access right to all files and resources on the system and is the default administrator
Primary Groups
- group of users that have certain access rights
Effective Group ID
- the group ID the kernel use to determine the groups access right
Linux Commands: Wildcard
A special character used that is used to substitute a character in a string
Linux Commands: Options (switch)
Modifier used with Linux Commands to make the command more versatile
Linux Commands: Arguments
Values supplied to the command to operate on
Linux Commands: Pipe
A vertical bar (|) used to redirect the output of one command into the input of another command
Linux Commands: Auto Completion
A Linux feature that allows for auto completion of commands and file names by pressing tab
Linux User Account Command
Su: become super user
Sudo: execute a command as a super user
Passwd: change a users account password
Linux System Commands
- Ps: View current processes
- Kill: Stops the CMD
- Ifconfig: View or configure network interface
- Iwconfig: View or change wireless network configuration
- Shutdown: turns off the system
Commands to navigate Linux directory
- ls: list files
- PWD: Print working directory
- cd: change directory
- cp: Copy files
- mv: move files
- ** rm**: remove files
- grep: filter files
Window setting & Control Panel
Two main interface used to configure the OS.
All Windows configuration data is ultimately held in a database called the Registry
User Account
A logon ID used to access a Windows computer
- Protection through Authentication
- Profile each contain separate settings and default documents folder
- Admin and standard user accounts
- Local & Microsoft accounts
UAC
User Account Control
- changes Security shield intensity ( how often admin confirmation is required)
Administrative Tools
System Management Consoles
Search terms used to quickly access system management programs
- Devmgmt.msc - Device manager
- Diskmgmt.msc - Disk management
- Compmgmt.msc - Computer management
Windows Registry
A live database that stores configuration information for hardware, OS, drivers and apps on the system
- search regedit to open registry
Window Registry Export
The means of backing up windows registry
- File -> export
Backup will be found:
C: window/sys32/Config/regback
Registry should always be backed up before making changes
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE
- Most important key
- contains all hardware, software and security data
The hierarchy folder that consists of: - SAM Hive
- SECURITY Hive
- SOFTWARE Hive
- SYSTEM Hive
Window Registry Hives (HKLM)
SAM Hive
SECURITY Hive
SOFTWARE Hive
SYSTEM Hive
DEFAULT hive
HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG (HKCC)
- Consists of SOFTWARE & SYSTEM Hivee
- contains information that identifies each hardware device installed on system
HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT (HKCR)
- consist of SOFTWARE Hive
- stores info which determines which application to open when a user double clicks a file
- uses file extension on the file to determine application to open
- data HKCR is gathered from HKLM & HKCC
HKEY_USERS (HKU)
- Consists of DEFAULT Hive
- contains data of all users
HKEY_CURRENT_USER (HKCU)
- kept in DEFAULT Hive
- consist of data for the current user and loaded only when the user signs in
NTUSER.DAT
- Holds all info for the users profile
- only loaded when user logs in
- stored under the user folder
Roaming profile
Is a user Account that is stored on a server that can be accessed via any computer on the network.
- NTUSER.DAT is stored on the server
System Hierarchy
Root Directory
- the highest file directory of an OS
System files
The necessary files required for an OS to function properly
Attributes
A characteristics that can be associated with a file/folder that OS uses to determine how the user intends to use the file/folder
- Read-Only (R)
- Hidden (H)
- System (S)
- Archive (A)
Premission
Allows groups of users to view, create modify and delete files or folder
Command Wildcards
- match any number of characters
? - matches a single character
[] - matches only what’s inside the brackets
! - exclude characters inside brackets
- match any number of characters
EFI System Partition
Partition on a boot drive that the UEFI uses to load files from to start the OS
Recovery Partition
Stores backup of windows files
MBR partition
Master Boot Records
- can consist of 4 partitions
GPT
Global Partitioning Table
- Requires 64-bit Windows on UEFI
- 128 partitions
Disk Management Command Prompt commands
- diskpart - displays disk info
- select disk
- detail disk
- select partition
- detail partition
- exit
- format
- /FS – file system
- /v – label for volume
- /q – quick format
- /a – size to allocate
- /x – force volume to dismount
- /c – enable file compression for NFTS
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)
The ability for devices/services to be auto configured with windows systems.
- detects new device hardware, finds drivers and installs and configure devices
Device Driver
A piece of software that tells the operating system and other software how to communicate with a piece of hardware
Device Manager
An administrative tool used for configuring & troubleshooting all hardware components of the system
- troubleshooting
- Updates
- Device properties
- Verification of installation
- Uninstall devices
System information
Is a detailed information of hardware components on the system
Window Directory
C:/Windows
System Directory
C:/Windows/system32
