Operant conditioning (6.2)

Question 1

Operant conditioning

Answer 1

A type of learning in which behavior is influenced by consequences

Question 2

Contingency

Answer 2

Consequences depends on action

Question 3

Reinforcement

Answer 3

A process in which an event or reward that follow a response increases the likelihood of that response occurring again

Question 4

Law of effect

Answer 4

The idea that responses followed by satisfaction will occur again in the same situation whereas those that are not followed by satisfaction become less likely

Question 5

Reinforcer

Answer 5

A stimulus that is contingent upon a response and that increase the probability of that response occurring

Question 6

Punishment

Answer 6

Process that decreases the future probability of a response

Question 7

Punisher

Answer 7

A stimulus that is contingent upon a response and that results in a decrease in behavior

Question 8

Reinforcement

Answer 8

Increases the chance of behavior occurring again

Question 9

Punishment

Answer 9

Decreases the chance of behavior occurring again

Question 10

Positive

Answer 10

Stimulus is added to a situation; positive can refer to reinforcement or punishment

Question 11

Negative

Answer 11

Stimulus is removed from a situation; negative can refer to reinforcement or punishment

Question 12

Positive reinforcement

Answer 12

Strengthening of behavior after potential reinforcers such as praise money or nourishment following that behavior

Question 13

Negative reinforcement

Answer 13

Involves the strengthening of behavior because it removes or diminishes a stimulus

Question 14

Avoidance learning

Answer 14

Specific type of negative reinforcement tht removes the possibility that a stimulus will occur

Question 15

Escape learning

Answer 15

Occurs if a response removed a stimulus that is already present

Question 16

Positive punishment

Answer 16

A process in which a behavior decreases in frequency because it was followed by a particular, usually unpleasant stimulus

Question 17

Negative punishment

Answer 17

Occurs when a behavior decreases in frequency because a pleasant stimulus was removed

Question 18

Shaping

Answer 18

Reinforcing successive approximations of a specific operant response
(Done in a step by step fashion)

Question 19

Chaining

Answer 19

Involves linking together two or more shaped behaviors into a more complex action or sequence

Question 20

Applied behavior analysis

Answer 20

involves using close observational prompting and reinforcement to teach behaviors

Question 21

Primary reinforcers

Answer 21

Consists of reinforcing stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs (needs that affect an individuals ability to survive and reproduce)

Question 22

Secondary reinforcers

Answer 22

Consists of reinforcing stimuli that acquire their reinforcers effects only after we learn that they have value

Question 23

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 23

A cue or event that indicates that a response if made will be reinforced

Question 24

Generalization

Answer 24

Takes place when an operant response occurs in response to a new stimulus that is similar to the stimulus present during original learning

Question 25

Schedules of reinforces

Answer 25

Rules that determine when reinforcement is available

Question 26

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 26

Every response made results in reinforcement

Question 27

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Answer 27

Only a certain number of responses are rewarded, or a certain amount of time must pass before reinforcement is available

Question 28

Rate schedule

Answer 28

Reinforcement based on the amount of responding

Question 29

Interval schedule

Answer 29

Reinforcements based on the amount of time between reinforcements, not number of responses

Question 30

Fixed schedule

Answer 30

Schedule of reinforcements remain the same overtime

Question 31

Variable schedule

Answer 31

The schedule of reinforcement although linked to an average, varies from reinforcement to reinforcement

Question 32

Fixed ratio schedule

Answer 32

Reinforcement is delivered after specific number of responses have been completed

Question 33

Variable - ratio schedule

Answer 33

The number of responses required to receive reinforcement varies according to average age

Question 34

Variable interval

Answer 34

In which the first response is reinforced following a variable amount of time

Question 35

Partial reinforcement effect

Answer 35

When organisms that have been conditioned under partial reinforcement resist extinction longer then those conditioned under continuous reinforcement

Question 36

Fixed interval schedule

Answer 36

Reinforces the first response occurring after a set amount of time passes