Memory systems (7.1)

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Collection of several systems that store information in different forms for different amounts of time

Question 2

Atkinson - Shiffrin model

Answer 2

Includes 3 memory stores

Question 3

Stores

Answer 3

Retain information in memory without using it for a specific purpose (short term memory, long term memory, sensory memory)

Question 4

Control process

Answer 4

Shift information from one memory store to another

Question 5

Attention

Answer 5

Selects which information will be passed on to STM

Question 6

Encoding

Answer 6

The process of storing information in the LTM system

Question 7

Retrival

Answer 7

Brings information from LTM back to STM

Question 8

Sensory memory

Answer 8

Memory store that accurately holds perceptual information for a very brief amount of time

Question 9

Iconic memory

Answer 9

Visual form of sensory memory

Question 10

Echoic memory

Answer 10

Auditory form of sensory memory

Question 11

Short term memory

Answer 11

A memory store with limited capacity and duration (approx. 30s)

Question 12

Chunking

Answer 12

Organizing smaller units of information into larger more meaningful chunks

Question 13

Long term memory

Answer 13

Holds information for extended periods time, if not permanently

Question 14

Tip of tongue (TOT) phenomenon

Answer 14

When you are able to retrieve similar sounding words or words that start with the same letter, but can’t quite retrieve the word you actually want

Question 15

Serial position effect

Answer 15

In general most people will recall the first few items from a list and the last few items but only a few from the middle

Question 16

Productive interference

Answer 16

A process in which the first information learned occupies memory, leaving fewer resources left to remember newer information

Question 17

Retroactive interference

Answer 17

Most recently learned info overshadows older memories that have not yet made it into long - term memory

Question 18

The phonological loop

Answer 18

A storage component of working memory that relies on rehearsal and that stores information as sounds or as auditory cords

Question 19

Word - length effect

Answer 19

People remember more- one syllable words then four or five syllable words

Question 20

Visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 20

Storage component of working memory that maintains visual images and spatial layouts in a visuospatial code

Question 21

Feature binding

Answer 21

The process of combining visual features into a single unit

Question 22

Episodic buffer

Answer 22

A storage component of working memory that combines the image and sounds from the other two components into coherent story - like episodes

Question 23

The central executive

Answer 23

The control center of working memory; it coordinates attention and the exchange of information among three storage components

Question 24

Non - declarative memories (implicit memories)

Answer 24

Include actions or behaviors that you can remember and preform without awareness

Question 25

Declarative memories (explicit memories)

Answer 25

Memories that we are consciously aware of and that can be verbalized including facts about the world and our own personal experiences

Question 26

Episodic memories

Answer 26

Declarative memories for personal personal experiences tht seem to be organized around “episodes” and are recalled from a first person “I” or “my” perspective
(type of declarative memory)

Question 27

Semantic memories

Answer 27

Declarative memories that include facts about the world
(type of declarative memory)

Question 28

Procedural memory

Answer 28

Learned patterns of muscle movement (motor memory)
(example of non - declarative memory)
Another example is classical conditioning

Question 29

Long term potentiation

Answer 29

Demonstrated that there is an enduring increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between nerve cells that fire together

Question 30

Consolidation

Answer 30

Process of converting short term memories in the brain (to more long term)

Question 31

Amnesia

Answer 31

Profound loss of at lest one form of memory

Question 32

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 32

Inability to form new memories for events occurring after a brain injury

Question 33

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 33

A condition in which memory for the events preceding trauma or injury is lost

Question 34

Storage

Answer 34

Refers to the times and manner in which information is retained between encoding and retrieval (active process)

Question 35

Reconsolidation

Answer 35

The process in which the hippocampus functions to update strengthen or modify existing long - term memories

Question 36

Cross cortical storage

Answer 36

These long term - declarative memories are distributed throughout the cortex of the brain rather then being localized in one region