operant conditioning Flashcards
how does operant conditioning work
learning is conducted through ‘trial and error’ method of learning that occurs through consequence
what was thorndike’s puzzle box
cats have to learn to open latches in order to get a reward (food)
what is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning
in classical conditioning the response is involuntary and in operant conditioning the response is voluntary
what does the ABC model stand for
antecedent
behaviour
consequence
what does antecedent mean
the skinner box would represent a stimulus that triggers a behaviour
what does behaviour mean
a response made by the animals that can be observed as an outcome of the antecedent
what does consequence mean
the reward or punishment following the behaviour
what is the aim of a punishment
to decrease a certain behaviour
what is the aim of a reward
to increase a certain behaviour
what was skinner’s box experiment
placed a rat or a pigeon in a box which was empty apart from a lever
if the rat pressed the lever then a food pellet would be released = positive reinforcement - so would press the lever more
what is positive reinforcement
something that increases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated by providing pleasant consequences
what is negative reinforcement
something undesired is taken away in response to a desired behaviour
what is positive punishment
adding an adverse stimuli that will reduce the presentation of a behaviour
what is negative punishment
the removal of a liked/desirable stimuli to reduce the showing of a behaviour
what is the token economy program
based of operant conditioning - behaviour is rewarded if repeated and stopped if not rewarded
form of behaviour modification because they aim to changed behaviour to a behaviour that is required or desired
what is the primary reinforcer
anything which satisfies a biological need such as food or warmth
what is the secondary reinforcer
only fulfilling because they are associated with primary reinforcer. money that can be used to buy food
what are schedules of reinforcement
tactic that influences how an operant response is learned and maintained. each type imposes a rule to determine how and when a desired behaviour occurs
what is continuous reinforcement
when each behaviour gets the consequence not strictly a schedule as it always happens
what is partial reinforcement
more resistant to extinction than continuous reinforcement and schedules
what is fixed interval reinforcement
regarding the time of the reward. fixed time. schedules results of behaviour as time for the reward increases
what is variable interval reinforcement
variable time. varying the time it is received. behaviours are reasonably steady as it is not known when consequences will happen
what is fixed ratio reinforcement
number of behaviours,, reward/punishment is at a set number
high number of responses up to the consequences being given but period of not many once the reward has been given
what is variable ratio reinforcement
reward is given rather randomly regard to the number of behaviours. most efficient as not known when the consequence will arrive so behaviour is continuous
what is behaviour shaping
when shaping , must first wait for any behaviour that is even vaguely related to the target behaviour to occur. the first behaviour must be immediately be reinforced.
once they’ve been conditioned to perform the action now only the behaviour that is closer to the target must be reinforced.
when this has been conditioned only behaviour even closer must be reinforced. the behaviours reinforced along the way are called SUCCESSIVE APPROXIMATIONS
to maintain the desired behaviour once it has been conditioned an intermittent reinforcement should be sufficient
