operant conditioning Flashcards
learning through the association of behaviour and its consequences (reinforcement or punishment).
operant conditioning.
a pleasurable event that follows a response and increase the likelihood that the rsponse will be repeated.
reinforcement
a positive consequence that follows a behaviour.
positive reinforcement.
the removal of an unpleasant stimulus that follows a behavior.
negative reinforcement.
doesn’t depend on leaning, fulfils the basic physical need such (food, water).
primary reinforcement.
learned by association by other reinforcers.
secondary reinforcer.
administered every time the behavior or desired response occurs quickly.
continuous reinforcement
administered every time the behaviour or desired response occurs. response acquired quickly.
continuous reinforcement.
reinforcement in which only response are reinforced than all. exinction resistant.
partial reinforcement.
symmetric programs for administering reinforcement that have predictable effect of behavior.
schedules of reinforcement.
a schedule in which a reinforcer is administered after a fixed number of non reinforced correct response.
fixed-ratio schedule.
a schedule in which reinforce is administered on the basis average ratio after a varying number of non reinforced correct responses.
variable ratio schedule.
a schedule in which a reinforcer is administered following the first correct response after a fixed period of time has elapsed.
fixed interval schedule
REINFORCEMENT in which only some responses are reinforced rather than all. extinction resistant.
partial reinforcement.
a schedule in which a reinforcer is administered on the basis of an average time after the first correct response following a varying time of non reinforcement
variable interval schedule.
gradually reinforcing a desired behaviour by reinforcing responsethat become progressively closer to the desired responses
shaping.
a series of gradual training steps with each step becoming more like the final desired response.
successive approximations.
a stimulus that signals whether a certain response or behavior is likely to be follow a reward or punishment.
discriminative stimulus.
the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response that occurs when reinforcers are withheld.
extinction.
learning to respond to stimuli that are similar to the stimulus that was originally reinforced.
Generelization.
learning to distinguish between a stimuli that has been reinforced and another stimuli that may be very similar
discrimination.
How many factors does influence the operant conditioning
3
factors that influence operant conditioning.
the magnitude of reinforcement, the immediacy of reinforcement, and the level of motivation.
The removal of a pleasant stimulus or the application of unpleasant stimulus.
punishment’s.
A negative consequence that follows a behaviour.
Positive Punishment.
The removal of a pleasant stimulus that follows a behaviour.
negative punishment.
how many factors that effect punishment.
3 (Timing-Intensity-Consistency)
punishment applied during the misbehavior or soon afterward possibe.
timing.
the more intense the punishment the greater suppression undesirable nehaviour.
intensity.
punish behavior every time it occurs if not it will only increase and maintain the behaviour
consistancy
the disadvantages of punishment.
becoming fearful angry and hostile toward the punisher.
leads to aggression
offers no model for appropriate behaviour,
learning through observation of other behaviors.
observational learning
the consequence of observational learning.
positions of authority, those who we admire or respect.
learned response of resigning passively to arrestive conditions.
learned helplessness
what is learned helplessness learned through?
repeated exposure
the systematic application of operant conditioning, classical conditioning and observational learning
behavioral modification.
behavioral techniques used to encourage desirable behaviors by reinforcing with tokens.
token economics.
other name of observational learning
Modelling.
an individual who demonstrates a certain behavior or example in observational learning.
Model.
a disorder cause persona; distress and some impairment in functioning not causing to lose contact with reality.
neurosis.
a psychological disorder sometimes require hospitalization loses contact with reality.
psychosis.
a generalized feeling of apprehension fear or tension that nay be associated with particular object or situation.
Anxiety
How many Categories Anxiety can be divided?
3
3 categories of anxiety.
Generalized anxiety disorders, Panic disorders, and phobias.
other related disorders to anxiety.
obsessives compulsive disorder.
an attack of overwhelming anxiety fear or terror.
panic attacks.
an anxiety disorder experiences recurrent unpredictable attacks of overwhelming anxiety fear or terror.
Panic Disorder.
a presistant irrational fear of an object situation or activity that the person feels compelled to avoid.
Phobia
an intense fear of being in a situation where immediate scape is not possible or help is not immediately available in case of incapacating anxiety.
agoraphobia
irrational fear of social performance situation people believe might embarase themselves or humiliate.
social anxiety disorder.
a marked of specific object or situation a catch-all category for any phobia.
specific phobia.
recurring involuntary thoughts images or images or impulses that invade consciousness and cause great istress.
obsession.
a persistent, irresistible irrational urge to perform an act or ritual repeatedly.
compulsion.
disorder in which physical symptoms are present that are psychological rather than physical causes.
physical symptoms disorder.
type of disorder that the person is preoccupied and convinced they have some serious disorder.
illness anxiety disorder.
a dissociative disorder in which there is a loss of memory for limited periods in one’s life or ones entire personal identity.
dissocaitive amnesia.
a disorder associated with dissociative amnesia, may assume a new Identity.
Dissociative fugue.
a dissociative disorder in which two or more distinct personalities occur in the same individual also called multiple personality
dissociative Identity disorder.
a dissociative disorder in which two or more distinct personalities occur in the same individual also called multiple personality
dissociative Identity disorder.
a severe psychological disorder characterized by loss of contact with reality hallucinations delusions innapropiate flat effect.
schizophrenia.
false beliefs not generally shared by others in culture
delusions.
false beliefs that one is a famous person or that one has some great knowledge or authority.
delusions of grandeur.
individuals behavior does not reflect the emotions that would be expected
innaproprate effect
constitutional predisposition towards a disorder may develop the disorder into environment stress.
diathesis stress model.
the causes of schizophrenia
Genetic Inheritance and excessive dopamine activity.
how many categories of disorders?
2, Bipolar and depressive disordera.
a disorder characterized by feeling of great sadness despair in extreme cases suicidal intentions.
major depressive disorder.
a disorder comes and goes the season.
seasonal effective disorder.
a disorder in which the person experience two radically different moods.
bipolar disorder.
a period of extreme elation and hyperactivity often accompanied by delusions of grandeurs and hostility if activity is blocked.
manic episode.
risk factors for deprssive and bipolar disorders.
heredity, brain abnormalities, personality, neurotransmitters, stress, gender, cultural beliefs,
a persons unique and stable patterns of characteristics and behavior.
personality disorder.
lack of feeling for others selfish aggressive irresponsible behavior lie cheat exploit others for personal gain.
anti social personality disorder.
persistent that cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty may involve sexual desire arousal pressure associates with sex organism.
sexual dysfunctions.
recurrent sexual urges fantasies and behaviors involving children non human object non congesting partner
paraphilias.
problem accepting one’s identity as male or female.
gender dysphoria.
