OP - CH1 - Motivation to work Flashcards
1
Q
What are the two need theories?
A
- Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- McClelland’s Theory of Achievement
2
Q
Define the different levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
A
- Physiological (basic survival needs)
- Safety needs (stable pay & safety training)
- Social needs (teamworking and social spaces)
- Esteem needs (recognition & rewards)
- Self Actualization (working purely for the sake of the business)
3
Q
Testing of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
A
Saeednia 2011 - used a scale measuring basic needs satisfaction.
- 300 participants were assessed on a scale based on physiological, safety, love, and esteem needs
- scale was found to be a reliable measure
4
Q
Outline Mcclelands theory of Achievement
A
- different needs that motivate different people and these needs can be measured
- Need for achievement - the need to get things done and be successful. driven by challenges and appraisals.
- Need for power - the need to have influence and control over others. driven by status and prestige.
- Need for affiliation - the need to be liked and accepted. driven by teamworking an cooperative task.
5
Q
Application of Mcclelands theory of Achievement
A
- used to find suitable roles for candidates within on organization (ex-people with need for power will look to be managers)
- N-ach can be measured using TAT a series of ambiguous images which the individual is asked to interpret
6
Q
Maslow evaluation
A
- hierarchy suggests some factors are more important than others which can be subjective
- very small group of self-actualized people, research may not be generalizable
- self-actualization can be different for different people
- doesn’t account for cultural differences
- claims that needs are predetermined
7
Q
Mccleland evaluation
A
- research used projective techniques that are subjective and therefore low in reliability and validity
- doesn’t consider cultural differences
- claims that needs are predetermined
8
Q
Explain Locke and Lathams goal setting theory
A
- is based on the belief that human behavior is affected by conscious planning and intention
- suggest that goal setting is a key motivator for performance improvement
- also claims that specific goals are more effective than vague ones
- specific goals will make people try harder as they are more difficult to achieve
4CF
- challenge - should be relevant and offer a mental stretch
-complexity - large goals should be broken down so they are easier to achieve
- commitment - goals must be understood and accepted
- clarity - should be unambiguous
- feedback - must involve feedback on progress
feedback helps determine the most effective way to achieve a goal.
- smart goals have been derived from this theory
9
Q
Explain Vroom’s expectancy theory
A
- workers are rational and their decision-making process is guided by logical thinking
- potential costs and rewards have a significant impact on motivation to work
- motivation = expectancy * instrumentality * valence
- expectancy is amount of effort required and the workers level of confidence
- instrumentality is whether or not workers believe that they will be given the reward
- valence is perception of the rewards and how much it is desired
- if any one of these values is low, overall motivation will be low
10
Q
Cognitive theories evaluation
A
- ecological validity due to the fact that these ideas have been tested in real life
- hard to generalize due to many other variables involved
- never possible to control all extraneous variables when real organizations are involved
- more holistic and contain wider range of factors
11
Q
Wall and Jensen - summary
A
summarizes a number of research finding about the link between monetary rewards and productivity.
- over half the growth in productivity in Chinese state industries can be linked to bonuses
- positive effects of performance related pay
- org with high performance related pay scales had strong stock market presence
- high income inequality = high staff turnover
- orgs in uk found no relationship between size of bonus and productivity
