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A LEVEL PSYHCOLOGY > CP - CH1 - The Physical Environment > Flashcards

CP - CH1 - The Physical Environment Flashcards

1
Q

Define physical environment

A

Physical environment refers to the interior and exterior design of a setting as well as other factors that affect the ambience, such as sound or scent.

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2
Q

Most research into physical environment relies on which model?

A

Stimulus organism response model. Assumes the stimuli affects the customers attitude which further effects behavior.

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3
Q

Explain the past research on landscaping

A
  • Vegetation boosts mood of shoppers in urban setting (Sheets and Manzer, 1991)
  • Plants and flowers positively affect interpretation of quality of products (Chebat and Morrin 2007)
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4
Q

Explain past research on window displays

A

Stores with window displays had higher sales. Bigger displays were more effective.

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of a successful window display?

A
  • aesthetically pleasing
  • used lighting effectively
  • had a theme
  • used warm colors
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6
Q

Key points of Mower et al 2012 (effect of window display and landscaping on consumer responses)

A
  • Measured in terms of liking, mood and patronage intentions (buying, referring, revisiting)
  • 18- female students - US uni
  • Survey
  • Goal - buy jeans
  • Read store exterior descriptions (some had window displays and some did not)
  • Liking of store exteriors (due to prescence of window display and landscaping) increased patronage intentions
  • Hypothetical scenario lacks ecological validity
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7
Q

Key points of grid layout

A
  • used in supermarkets
  • aisles of products
  • impulse items in front
  • essential items in the back
  • easiest to navigate
  • lacks creativity
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8
Q

Key points of freeform layout

A
  • no criteria
  • encourage wandering
  • encourage impulse buys
  • less items of high value
  • can be cluttered or confusing
  • highly engaging
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9
Q

Key points racetrack layout

A
  • loops all around the store
  • maximum exposure
  • time consuming and annoying for customers
  • easy to predict flow and place ads
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10
Q

Key points Vrechoupoulos et al

A
  • virtual grocery store in all 3 layouts
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11
Q
A
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12
Q

Vrech et al virtual simulation characteristics

A
  • all other variable maintained same in virtual setup
  • grid - in hierarchal structure
    (category, subcategory, final)
  • freeform (immediately reach products through search bar or display page)
  • racetrack - must navigate corridors to reach final product
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13
Q

vrech et al results

A
  • freeform most useful to find items
  • freeform most entertaining
  • grid easiest, racetrack hardest
  • racetrack took longest
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14
Q

vrech et al conclusions

A
  • none of the hypothesis were supported
  • real life theories cant be applied online
  • lots of control increased reliability
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15
Q

North et al (context)

A
  • many factors influence ambience
  • music can affect spending
  • increase in intention to spend when classical music was played in a cafeteria
  • 20.5% increase
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16
Q

North et al (aim)

A

investigate effect of style of music on amount of money spent

17
Q

North et al (design)

A
  • field experiment in a restaurant
  • 1 week classical, 1 week pop, 1 week no music
  • volume constant
  • 2 76 minute cd’s
  • all other aspects same
  • time spent from seating to bill calculated
  • covert observation - researcher dressed as waitress
  • 393 customers ate there from feb to march 2002
  • almost same no of females and males
  • almost same no of participants in each condition
    -opportunity sampling
  • independent measures design
  • DV was total spending
18
Q

North et al (results)

A
  • significant difference in overall spending in different conditions
  • highest spending was for classical music condition
  • results in line with previous expectations
19
Q

North et al (Evaluation)

A
  • field experiment = high ecological validity (results can be applied beyond research settings)
  • highly controlled (same CD and same volume) = high validity
  • large sample = more date = high validity
  • app to real life = info used by owners to increase their profit
20
Q

Findings of Zampini and Spence (2004)

A

manipulating sound of biting a chip by increasing volume and playing through headphones can affect perception of freshness. - sound connected to food influence experience of eating

21
Q

Woods et al (Design)

A
  • investigate whether sounds not directly associated to eating could influence perception
  • 48 participants in Study 1
  • 25 trials in each of three conditions
  • sit at table/eyes closed/ given bite sized pieces of food
  • conditions - loud white noise, quiet white noise, no white noise
  • used counterbalancing
  • foods (cheese and crisps, flapjack and biscuit)
22
Q

Woods et al (Results)

A
  • sweetness and saltiness were both rated lower in the loud condition
  • soft and hard foods were not affected differently
  • food liking was not lowered by loud noise
23
Q

Define cross modal contrast

A

A cognitive bias where our perception of something is distorted when we compare it to something else. A loud noise may impair your ability to perceive a taste when compared to no noise.

24
Q

Define attentional explanation

A

Prescence of loud noise takes attention away from taste experience. Reduces ability to perceive taste. It was proven that loud noise distracts attention and reduces perception of pain.

25
Q

Define implicit association

A

Certain types of noise are associated with certain tastes. Low pitch is associated with bitter and salty foods. Sweet and sour foods are associated with high pitch sound.

26
Q

Woods et al (Evaluation)

A
  • repeated measures design = decreased participant variables = increased validity
  • counterbalancing = no order effects
  • background noise = situational explanation
  • individual factors may be important but were not explored in this research
27
Q

Define the PAD model

A

Demonstrate the way physical environments influence people through their emotional impact. Pleasure is level of happiness. Arousal is extent of stimulation. Dominance is feeling of control.

28
Q

Donovan and Rossiter (results)

A
  • Applied PAD to retail environments and concluded the dominance wasn’t a significant aspect.
  • Customer is more likely to show approach behavior if they are happy and excited.
  • Approach is the desire to enter or explore the shop.
  • Approach behavior also increases loyalty.
29
Q

Chebat and Michon (design) - ambient odors on shoppers

A
  • Investigated influence of ambient odors on mall shoppers.
  • Shopping mall in Canada.
  • Control week had no ambient odor. Second week had a light pleasing citrus smell diffused in the mall’s main corridor.
  • A previous study had referred to citrus as a pleasing smell.
  • A sample of participants were asked to complete a questionnaire about their shopping trip but ere not told the purpose of the study.
  • Lazarus’ cognitive theory proposes that customers will perceive the smell but it will not impact their mood.
30
Q

Chebat and Michon (Results)

A
  • scent increased arousal but not pleasure
  • odor affected consumer perception of the environment directly but did not affect their mood
  • does not support the PAD model
31
Q

Define spatial crowding

A

When a persons demand for space is not met due to the high number of physical objects

32
Q

Machleit et al (design)

A
  • Investigated how perceived crowding influenced the shoppers satisfaction, and whether this was moderated by emotions.
  • 3 studies (2 field experiments and 1 lab experiment)
  • Field experiments - Students and non-students were asked to complete a questionnaire about their shopping experience across a range of retail environments.
  • Lab experiment - Students were asked to imagine a bookstore. They were shown videos of the store with spatial and human crowding density manipulated. Then they were asked to complete a questionnaire about their shopping experience.
33
Q

Machleit et al (Results)

A

Perceived crowding lowers satisfaction and this effect is greater for spatial crowding.

Pleasure and arousal do appear to have some effect on the influence of crowding on satisfaction but there are other important factors as well, such as expectation and tolerance.

34
Q

Machleit et al (Evaluation)

A
  • Enabled them to benefit from the strengths of both types of experiments.
  • Research cannot be applied to all settings because of social norms and cultural beliefs.

A LEVEL PSYHCOLOGY (5 decks)

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