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Gender & Women Studies > Online - Witchcraft: Weekly Quizzes > Flashcards

Online - Witchcraft: Weekly Quizzes Flashcards

1
Q

In what time period can we see a rise in the number of witch trials that corresponds to an increasing interest in diabolism (magic that involves demons or the devil)?

a) The end of the 16th & beginning of the 17th centuries
b) The end of the 13th & beginning of the 14th centuries
c) The end of the 14th & beginning of the 15th centuries
d) The end of the 12th & beginning of the 13th centuries

A

c) The end of the 14th & beginning of the 15th centuries

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2
Q

Which of the following is not an aspect of the cumulative concept of the witch?

a) Witches practiced healing magic
b) Witches attended the witches’ sabbath
c) Witches made a pact with the devil
d) Witches practiced maleficium

A

a) Witches practiced healing magic

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3
Q

What term describes the denial of one or more doctrines of a religion or the adherence to religious opinions or ideas that are contrary to established church doctrine?

A

Heresy

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4
Q

In 1233, which group was accused of attending meetings in subterranean caves presided over by the devil and engaging in incestuous orgies without thought to kinship or gender?

a) Waldensian heretics
b) Witches
c) Early Christians
d) Pagans

A

a) Waldensian heretics

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5
Q

What do Jennet Device and Edmund Robinson, the star witnesses of the 1612 and 1633 Lancashire witch trials have in common?

a) They were both children when they testified against accused witches
b) They both belonged to known Catholic families
c) They were both deliberately lying when they testified against accused witches
d) They both belonged to families who practiced witchcraft

A

a) They were both children when they testified against accused witches

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6
Q

Which group did Minucius Felix accuse of rejecting ancestral beliefs, worshipping the genitalia of their priests in secret nocturnal rights, and forcing new members to kill and drink the blood of babies?

a) Heretics
b) Early Christians
c) Witches
d) Pagans

A

b) Early Christians

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7
Q

Which of the following was not an element of the Pact with the Devil according to Francisco Maria Guazzo?

A) Denial of the Christian faith
B) Swearing allegiance to the devil in the form of a familiar
C) The Devil places a mark on the witch’s body
D) A yearly gift to their master

A

B) Swearing allegiance to the devil in the form of a familiar

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8
Q

In Ralph of Coggeshall’s “The Marvelous Incident at Rheims,” why was the young woman sentenced to death?

a) She was a heretic
b) She was a pagan
c) She was a witch
d) She wanted to remain a virgin

A

a) She was a heretic

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9
Q

Why did scholastic theologians object to the claim by learned magicians that they were not the servants of the devil?

a) Learned magicians could not be summoning demons, it wasn’t possible
b) Learned magicians could control the devil, so they were considered dangerous
c) Learned magicians could not be controlling the devil, so they must have been involved in some kind of pact
d) Learned magicians made an agreement with the demons they summoned that placed them on equal footing

A

c) Learned magicians could not be controlling the devil, so they must have been involved in some kind of pact

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10
Q

Why was religion considered to be a civic or community issue in pre-modern societies?

a) It was important for the community that everyone go to Heaven
b) It wasn’t: personal religious beliefs did not affect other community members
c) There was greater surveillance of personal religious beliefs
d) The gods could refuse to protect the state from harm if community members did not worship properly

A

d) The gods could refuse to protect the state from harm if community members did not worship properly

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11
Q

In which decade were the first texts with descriptions of the witches’ sabbath produced?

a) 1550s
b) 1530s
c) 1450s
d) 1430s

A

d) 1430s

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12
Q

Which historian argues that elements of the sabbath emerged from stories of the benandanti?

A) H.C. Erik Midelfort
B) Brian Levack
C) Carlo Ginzburg
D) Stuart Clark

A

C) Carlo Ginzburg

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13
Q

Where did theologians believe the witch’s power for flight came from?

a) Ointments made from the fat of dead babies
b) Her broom
c) Her innate magical ability
d) The devil

A

d) The devil

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14
Q

Which of the following would be considered an inversion of the natural social order?

a) Eating babies
b) Worshipping the devil
c) Uncontrolled female sexuality
d) Destruction of crops
e) The osculum infame
f) All of the above
g) None of the above

A

f) All of the above

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15
Q

According to a German proverb, in which pose would you be sure to catch the sight of the devil?

a) Cobra pose
b) Looking backwards through your own legs
c) Standing on your head
d) Looking over your shoulder

A

b) Looking backwards through your own legs

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16
Q

What did Nicholas Remy think about the witch’s supposed ability to fly?

A) Witches literally flew to the Sabbath
B) Witches didn’t actually fly anywhere, but were instead given visions of the Sabbath by the Devil
C) There is no way that witches have the ability to fly
D) A mix of A and B

A

D) A mix of A and B

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17
Q

Which region was unreceptive to the idea of the witches’ sabbath until the middle and late decades of the 16th century before becoming a major hot spot for large-scale witch hunts?

a) The Italian Peninsula
b) The British Isles
c) The geographic area surrounding the Alps
d) The Holy Roman Empire

A

d) The Holy Roman Empire

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18
Q

Which historian argues that beliefs about the witches’ sabbath emerged from ideas of the learned elite?

a) Stuart Clark
b) Margaret Murray
c) Eric H. C. Midelfort
d) Gustav Henningsen

A

c) Eric H. C. Midelfort

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19
Q

Which of the following was not a method of flight supposedly used by witches in the early modern period?

a) Ointment
b) On the back of an animal
c) On a pitchfork
d) Airplane

A

d) Airplane

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20
Q

Which of the following was not a common element of stories of the witches’ sabbath?

A) Explicit sexuality
B) Flight
C) Baby eating
D) Delicious food

A

D) Delicious food

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21
Q

Approximately how many people were executed for witchcraft during the early modern period?

A) 550,000
B) 50,000
C) 250,000
D) 110,000

A

B) 50,000

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22
Q

In what period do we see a steady increase in the number of trials for witchcraft, an intensification of concern about diabolism (pacts with the devil), and the adoption of Inquisitorial procedure in many areas of Europe?

A) 1500-1560
B) 1375-1435
C) 1435-1500
D) 1300-1330

A

B) 1375-1435

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23
Q

Which period saw a levelling off or even a temporary reduction of witch-hunting in some areas?

A) 1650-1750
B) 1435-1500
C) 1500-1560
D) 1375-1435

A

C) 1500-1560

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24
Q

What is the relationship between the publication of witchcraft treatises and the witch-hunts during the period of the most intense prosecutions?

a) Witchcraft treatises helped to cause or inform the witch-hunts
b) Witchcraft treatises were published as a result of the witch-hunts
c) There was no direct relationship between the publication of witchcraft treatises and the witch-hunts
d) Both A and B

A

d) Both A and B

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25
Q

Where were the witch hunts largest and most intense?

A) Germany
B) Hungary
C) Scotland
D) France

A

A) Germany

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26
Q

Which region tended to prosecute a high proportion of men?

A) Poland
B) Norway
C) Russia
D) Sweden

A

C) Russia

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27
Q

Which of the following did not usually contribute to the geographical variations in the witch-hunts?

a) The region’s system of criminal procedure
b) The region’s degree of religious zeal
c) The region’s religion
d) The region’s acceptance of the cumulative concept of the witch

A

c) The region’s religion

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28
Q

Who examines the psychosocial effects of witchcraft to argue that curses had genuine power over people and cultures that believed in magic and witchcraft?

a) Robin Briggs
b) Richard Kieckhefer
c) Edward Bever
d) Wolfgang Behringer

A

c) Edward Bever

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29
Q

Why were some illnesses explained as witchcraft?
Question 9 options:

a) The illness was strange and had a sudden onset
b) Physicians in the period did not have much medical knowledge
c) There was a suspected witch in the community
d) Witchcraft was the most convenient explanation
e) A and B
f) A and C
g) A and D

A

f) A and C

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30
Q

What was the name of the key witness in the Lancashire witch trial of 1633/1634?

A) Jennet Device
B) Edmund Robinson
C) Edward Roberts
D) Janice Davison

A

B) Edmund Robinson

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31
Q

Which group placed a greater emphasis on the individual’s covenant with God and therefore tended to be more concerned about the witch’s pact with the devil?

a) Protestants
b) Pagans
c) All religions
d) Catholics

A

a) Protestants

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32
Q

What was the Counter-Reformation?

a) The Catholic answer to calls for reform from within the church
b) A split of the Catholic church into Catholic and Protestant denominations
c) A movement that was started by the posting of the ninety-five theses
d) A direct answer to the changes of the Protestant Reformation

A

a) The Catholic answer to calls for reform from within the church

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33
Q

What are the names of the two judges who oversaw the witch trials at the Lancaster assize court in 1612?

a) Edward Bromley and James Altham
b) Thomas Potts and Roger Nowell
c) James Altham and Roger Nowell
d) Roger Nowell and Edward Bromley

A

a) Edward Bromley and James Altham

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34
Q

Who posted the “Ninety-Five Theses”?

A) Martin Luther
B) Augustine
C) Jean Bodin
D) Jean Calvin

A

A) Martin Luther

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35
Q

Witchcraft beliefs changed significantly as a result of the Protestant Reformation.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

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36
Q

What was the effect of rhetoric that identified enemy faiths with witchcraft?

a) It decreased witchcraft prosecution
b) It increased the prosecution of radical sects as witches
c) It increased the prosecution of Catholics / Protestants as witches based on their religion
d) It increased the fear and hatred of witchcraft

A

d) It increased the fear and hatred of witchcraft

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37
Q

According to the maps from this week, what was the predominant religion in Scotland in 1555?

a) Calvinism
b) Church of England
c) Catholic
d) Lutheranism

A

a) Calvinism

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38
Q

What did the Catholic Church call the promise of a reduction of punishment in purgatory in exchange for money?

a) Indulgence
b) A get out of purgatory free card
c) Communion
d) Masses for the dead

A

a) Indulgence

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39
Q

Which of the following statements about Church-type and Sect-type churches is true.

A) Sect-type churches are highly selective, voluntary, and conservative
B) Sect-type churches are highly selective, compulsory, and usually radical
C) Church-type churches are universal, compulsory, and conservative
D) Church-type churches are universal, voluntary, and usually radical
E) A and C
F) A and D

A

C) Church-type churches are universal, compulsory, and conservative

…for reference, Sect-type churches are highly selective, voluntary, and usually radical!

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40
Q

Why were people more likely to initiate legal action against a suspected witch after the Reformation?

a) Witches became more active in communities
b) Witches made pacts with the devil and were therefore evil
c) There was an increase in suspicions of witches eating babies
d) Counter-magic was no longer an available remedy for maleficium (bad magic)

A

d) Counter-magic was no longer an available remedy for maleficium (bad magic)

41
Q

Where was England’s largest witch hunt?

a) East Anglia
b) Pendle Hill, Lancashire
c) London
d) Edinburgh

A

a) East Anglia

42
Q

In Spain, what usually happened when a witch confessed?

A) She was allowed to reconcile with the church
B) She was allowed to walk free without punishment
C) She was executed by being strangled before her body was burned
D) She was executed by being burned alive

A

A) She was allowed to reconcile with the church

43
Q

According to the Malleus Maleficarum, what was the appropriate division of labour for prosecuting witchcraft cases

a) Ecclesiastical courts tried and judged accused witches and secular courts carried out the sentence
b) Secular courts tried and judged accused witches and ecclesiastical courts carried out the sentence
c) Secular courts tried, judged, and punished witches
d) A and C
e) B and C

A

d) A and C

44
Q

Which factor can be credited with the facilitation of the formulation and dissemination of the cumulative concept of the witch, increasing the likelihood that an accused witch would be convicted, and increasing the number of accomplices that were named in witch-trials?

a) The use of torture on suspected witches
b) The secularization of witchcraft
c) The Inquisitorial System’s standard of proof
d) The increased publication/circulation of witchcraft treatises

A

a) The use of torture on suspected witches

45
Q

Why were there fewer witchcraft trials under the accusatorial system?

A) If the accused was acquitted, the accuser could face punishment
B) Juries tended to acquit accused witches
C) Confessions were required
D) This system required a higher standard of proof than the inquisitorial system

A

A) If the accused was acquitted, the accuser could face punishment

46
Q

Brian Levack argues that the centralization of power in the state was not a driving force for witch-hunting because central authorities often did more to restrict witch-hunting than local authorities.

a) True
b) False

A

a) True

47
Q

How were witches executed in England?

a) They were hanged then their bodies were burned at the stake
b) They were hanged like other felons
c) They were hanged, drawn and quartered like other traitors
d) They were burned at the stake like other heretics

A

b) They were hanged like other felons

48
Q

In the medieval and early modern periods, which judicial system had the highest standard of proof or evidence?

A) The Accusatorial System
B) The Ecclesiastical System
C) The Inquisitorial System
D) The Jury System

A

C) The Inquisitorial System

49
Q

Why does Jean Bodin argue it is necessary to bend ordinary rules around the use of torture in cases of witchcraft?

a) Witchcraft was rarely witnessed
b) The witch is an agent of the devil
c) Witchcraft is a danger to the entire community and godly state
d) Witches often kill children in their rituals
e) A and B
f) A and C
g) A and D

A

f) A and C

50
Q

Where was trial by jury used?

A) British Isles
B) Spain
C) Scandinavia
D) Germany

A

A) British Isles

51
Q

According to early modern thinkers, what is a Succubus?

a) A demon who takes the form of a woman to have sex with men and steal their sperm
b) A demon who takes the form of a man to impregnate a woman with demonic sperm
c) A female demon who has sex with men
d) A witch who is known for her insatiable lust

A

a) A demon who takes the form of a woman to have sex with men and steal their sperm

52
Q

When were men just as likely as women to be prosecuted for witchcraft?

A) In cases closely linked to other forms of heresy
B) In cases where witchcraft was used to murder someone
C) In cases with a sexual element
D) In cases centered around maleficium

A

A) In cases closely linked to other forms of heresy

53
Q

Early modern men were expected to hide their emotions from their friends in order to be considered manly.

a) True
b) False

A

b) False

54
Q

What is the connection between ale wives and witches?

A) They were depicted as malicious, sexual, and untrustworthy
B) They both tried to usurp power from men
C) They used intoxicating substances
D) Ale wives were accused of witchcraft

A

A) They were depicted as malicious, sexual, and untrustworthy

55
Q

The Malleus Maleficarum gives an example of a witch who stored something very strange in a bird’s nest. What is this example supposed to illustrate?

a) The witch’s ability to cause miscarriage and infant death
b) The witch’s ability to cause impotence
c) The witch’s sexual insatiability
d) The witch’s affinity for strange pets or familiars

A

b) The witch’s ability to cause impotence

56
Q

According to E. J. Kent, how should we understand accusations of witchcraft against men?

a) As accusations of heresy
b) As accusations against men who lacked social power in their communities
c) As accusations of effeminacy
d) As accusations against men who breached accepted standards of masculine behaviour

A

d) As accusations against men who breached accepted standards of masculine behaviour

57
Q

What was the name of the key witness in the Lancashire witch trial of 1633/1634?

A) Janice Davison
B) Edmund Robinson
C) Jennet Device
D) Edward Roberts

A

B) Edmund Robinson

58
Q

What percentage of accused witches were women?

A) 90-95%
B) 85-90%
C) 75-80%
D) 65-70%

A

C) 75-80%

59
Q

What does the example of John Chaudelier and Elleine Smith from 1579 illustrate?

a) The person refusing charity in the charity-refused paradigm is likely to project their guilt onto the beggar in an accusation of witchcraft after a misfortune happens
b) Men are just as likely as women to be accused of witchcraft in the charity-refused model
c) Men are more likely to be accused of witchcraft in accusations with a political motivation
d) Women are more likely to be accused of witchcraft under the charity-refused paradigm even if she isn’t the one begging for charity

A

d) Women are more likely to be accused of witchcraft under the charity-refused paradigm even if she isn’t the one begging for charity

60
Q

Brian Levack argues that the type of hysteria found in the witch-hunts should be more accurately understood as

a) the wandering womb
b) collective mental illness
c) collective obsessional behaviour
d) collective fear

A

c) collective obsessional behaviour

61
Q

How many witches allegedly attended the witches’ sabbath that the Chancellor of Wurzburg describes as happening “beyond a doubt… at a place called the Fraw-Rengberg?”

a) 9000
b) 6000
c) 8000
d) 5000

A

c) 8000

62
Q

What type of witch hunt was the Lancashire witch trial of 1612?

A) None of the above
B) Medium-Sized Hunt
C) Large Hunt
D) Small Hunt

A

B) Medium-Sized Hunt

63
Q

What was the name of the convicted witch who wrote a letter to his/her daughter from prison?

A) Deitrich Flade
B) Johannes Junius
C) Matteuccia Francisci
D) Agnes Sampson

A

B) Johannes Junius

64
Q

What was the triggering event that sparked the witch-hunts at Trier?

A) Sudden and unexplained deaths
B) Repeated bad harvests
C) Plague
D) Death of a farm animal

A

B) Repeated bad harvests

65
Q

How did Dietrich Flade attempt to defend himself against the idea that he had been seen at a witches’ sabbath?

a) He offered to forfeit his estate and enter a monastic life
b) He argued that his accusers had seen his twin brother, not him
c) He provided an alibi about where he was on the night of the supposed sabbath
d) He argued that his accusers had only seen his appearance, which was a trick of the devil

A

d) He argued that his accusers had only seen his appearance, which was a trick of the devil

66
Q

Brian Levack notes that the plague did not often serve as a catalyst for witch-hunting. Why is this the case?

a) The plague wasn’t that prevalent in areas where the witch-hunts occurred
b) The plague wiped out entire communities, so there was no one left to make an accusation
c) It’s not. The plague sparked many accusations of witchcraft
d) The plague was a well-known disease with a natural explanation

A

d) The plague was a well-known disease with a natural explanation

66
Q

Which of the following is the most common reason for a medium witch-hunt to end?

a) A lack of belief in the witches’ sabbath prevented the search for more accomplices
b) The pool of suspected witches in the community dried up
c) It became clear that innocent people were being accused
d) Central authorities intervened
e) This type of witch-hunt did not go beyond the first round of accusations

A

b) The pool of suspected witches in the community dried up

67
Q

Why was torture used in the North Berwick witch-hunt?

a) The witchcraft involved in this case was also considered treason
b) Witchcraft was a decentralized crime, so torture was used illegally
c) Witchcraft in Scotland was considered a crimen exceptum, which meant that torture was allowed in cases of witchcraft
d) The witchcraft involved in this case was weather magic, which meant that a large number of witches needed to be found

A

a) The witchcraft involved in this case was also considered treason

attempt to kill king of england via ship storm

68
Q

Where did the pressure to prosecute cases of witchcraft come from most often?

A) Community members
B) Judicial authorities
C) Lawyers
D) Scholars of demonology

A

A) Community members

69
Q

Who wrote the witchcraft pamphlet on which The Witch of Edmonton is based?

a) Thomas Potts
b) William Rowley
c) Thomas Heywood
d) Henry Goodcole

A

d) Henry Goodcole

70
Q

In Christopher Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus, what causes Mephistophilis to be conjured?

a) Faustus had a pact with the devil
b) The symbols that Faustus draws in a circle on the ground
c) The power of Faustus’s spell
d) The fact that Faustus abjures God and the scriptures

A

d) The fact that Faustus abjures God and the scriptures

71
Q

In early modern theatre terminology, what is Hell?

a) The challenge of putting on a new play each night
b) The opposite of Heaven; where the devil and his demons reside
c) The backstage area
d) The audience
e) The area below the stage

A

e) The area below the stage

72
Q

What is one aspect of the real 1634 Lancashire witch trial that is staged in The Late Lancashire Witches?

a) The re-examination of the witches for the witch’s mark in London
b) The conviction of the suspected witches for witchcraft
c) The witches’ magical feast
d) The disruption of the Seely household by magic

A

c) The witches’ magical feast

73
Q

When does the devil dog appear to Elizabeth Sawyer in The Witch of Edmonton?

a) Immediately after her first curses against her neighbours
b) After she has killed Anne Ratcliffe
c) When she expresses a willingness to turn away from God
d) At the very beginning of the play

A

c) When she expresses a willingness to turn away from God

74
Q

What is one reason that the playwrights show that Elizabeth Sawyer isn’t a witch from the outset, even though she acts like one?

a) It shows that Elizabeth Sawyer is evil from the beginning
b) It places blame on her community
c) It shows that her curses really do have power
d) It shows that Elizabeth Sawyer was never really a witch

A

b) It places blame on her community

75
Q

How do Heywood and Brome handle the difficulty of staging the play that is based on a real witchcraft trial that was still not yet resolved?

a) They stage some of the spectacular magic that the women were accused of
b) They show their fictional witches practicing magic
c) They argue that they are not justices or judges, and leave the play open-ended
d) They call into question the reliability of eye-witnesses to witchcraft
e) All of the above
f) C and D
g) A and B

A

e) All of the above

76
Q

What is one serious potential consequence of the inversion brought about by witchcraft in the Seely household in The Late Lancashire Witches?

a) The servants could kill the Seelys
b) Parnell could cheat on her husband
c) The house could burn down
d) The estate could be squandered

A

d) The estate could be squandered

77
Q

Which country’s monarch issued an edict in 1682 declaring witchcraft to have no reality except as a form of fraud?

a) Poland
b) England
c) Austria
d) France

A

d) France

78
Q

What common skeptical argument had demonologists already learned to accommodate long before skepticism about witchcraft became more widespread?

a) There’s no such thing as witchcraft
b) Witchcraft is an illusion manifested by the devil
c) What is understood as witchcraft is really God performing miracles
d) All of the above

A

b) Witchcraft is an illusion manifested by the devil

79
Q

What does Owen Davies argue is a key factor in the persistence (or decline) in witchcraft accusations?

a) Social stability
b) Urbanization
c) Rationalism
d) Charity

A

a) Social stability

80
Q

Why does Reginald Scot question the value of witchcraft confessions?

a) He argues that the majority of witchcraft confession are not freely given
b) He argues that confessions for witchcraft are completely made up
c) He questions whether it is possible for demons to have the power attributed to them in witchcraft confessions
d) He argues that witchcraft doesn’t exist at all

A

c) He questions whether it is possible for demons to have the power attributed to them in witchcraft confessions

81
Q

What were skeptics about the witch-hunts unlikely to cite as their objection?

A) The fact that witches didn’t actually exist
B) The lack of convincing evidence in witchcraft cases
C) The reliance on confession as evidence
D) The means by which witches were tried in courts

A

A) The fact that witches didn’t actually exist

82
Q

What helped to bring about the so-called “disenchantment” of the universe?

a) The disappearance of popular magic rituals
b) Judicial changes which outlawed witchcraft
c) The disappearance of witches
d) The scientific revolution

A

d) The scientific revolution

83
Q

Who argues against the witch-hunts by suggesting that “to kill men, we should have sharp and luminous evidence; and our life is too real and essential to vouch for these supernatural and fantastic accidents.”

a) Alonzo de Salazar Frias
b) Michel de Montaigne
c) Reginald Scot
d) Thomas Hobbes

A

b) Michel de Montaigne

84
Q

Were Hobbes’ views widely accepted?

a) Yes, his ideas were very rational
b) Yes, because mechanical philosophy was influential
c) No, his position was radical at the time
d) No, he was accused of atheism
e) A and B
f) C and D

A

f) C and D

85
Q

Which early skeptic was able to help put a stop to the witch-hunt in his region?

a) Matthew Hopkins
b) Alonzo de Salazar Frias
c) Michel de Montaigne
d) Reginald Scot

A

b) Alonzo de Salazar Frias

86
Q

According to Keith Thomas, what is one factor which may have influenced the gradual resolution of the tension between charity and individualism in England?

a) People were no longer poor
b) A national poor law mandated individuals to help their neighbours in need
c) A national poor law made it the parish’s responsibility to take care of the poor
d) People stopped accusing each other of witchcraft when charity was refused

A

c) A national poor law made it the parish’s responsibility to take care of the poor

87
Q

What is Aquinas’ problem with the idea that natural magic derives its power from the “heavenly bodies”?

a) The apparitions and speeches that are a result of these rituals are imaginary
b) Such rituals require communication with an intelligent being with a rational nature
c) He did not object to this idea at all
d) Such rituals require explicit pacts with demons

A

b) Such rituals require communication with an intelligent being with a rational nature

88
Q

What is the main difference between pagan religions and the early Christian religion?

a) Christianity did not allow for a location to be considered sacred
b) Christianity did not include rituals relating to elements like water
c) Pagan religions are polytheistic and Christianity is monotheistic
d) Pagan religions are monotheistic and Christianity is polytheistic

A

c) Pagan religions are polytheistic and Christianity is monotheistic

89
Q

Who warns that “very frequently practitioners [of the art of magic and astrology] cite truth with the sole intent to deceive”?

a) Augustine
b) Aquinas
c) Regino of Prum
d) John of Salisbury

A

d) John of Salisbury

90
Q

Early Christian teachings argued that pagan gods were ______ in disguise.

A

demons

91
Q

What happened to pagan temples when Christianity became the dominant religion in the area?

a) They were torn down or destroyed
b) They were robbed
c) Christian churches were built on top of them
d) A combination of the above
e) None of the above

A

d) A combination of the above

92
Q

According to Regino of Prum, what should bishops do when they find that people are practicing sorcery (maleficum) in their parishes?

a) Put them in jail
b) Torture them until they confess to witchcraft
c) Make them do penance
d) Execute them as witches
e) Eject them from the parish in disgrace

A

e) Eject them from the parish in disgrace

93
Q

Who argued that all magical practices are superstitious?

a) Thomas Aquinas
b) John of Salisbury
c) Augustine
d) Regino of Prum

A

c) Augustine ??

94
Q

What is the difference between magic and miracle?

a) The words used in the ritual
b) The source of the ritual’s power
c) The magnitude of the event
d) All of the above

A

b) The source of the ritual’s power

95
Q

Who argues that some of the large-scale witch-hunts in Germany could have been driven “from below” because communities were concerned with weather magic causing major storms, unseasonable weather and blighted crops after 1560?

a) Richard Kieckhefer
b) Edward Bever
c) Wolfgang Behringer
d) Robin Briggs

A

c) Wolfgang Behringer

96
Q

Which Latin word refers to false religious practices or worshipping false gods?

a) Religio
b) Summa contra gentiles
c) Maleficium
d) Superstitio

A

d) Superstitio

97
Q

In your readings for this week, which two early Christian thinkers discuss night flights with the goddess Diana?

a) Aquinas and John of Salisbury
b) Regino of Prum and John of Salisbury
c) Augustine and Aquinas
d) Augustine and Regino of Prum

A

b) Regino of Prum and John of Salisbury

Gender & Women Studies (6 decks)

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