Online course outline(majority of test) Lesson two Exercise physiology Flashcards
The muscular system is comprised of three types of muscle tissue
(a) ___________
(b) ___________
(c) ___________
a. Skeletal
b. Cardiac
c. Smooth
Define skeletal muscle
Striated muscle attached to the skeleton used to facilitate movement by applying force to bones and joints via contractions.
Cardiac muscle
Involuntary mononucleated striated muscle found primarily within the heart.
Smooth muscle
Non striated muscle found within the walls of hollow organs such as the bladder Uterus and GI tract.
Signals initiated in the (a)________ stimulate the nervous system, causing muscles to contract and produce tension
a. Brain
One word fills in all blanks ( How muscles contract):
Motor information is carried via (a)_________from the central nervous system (CNS)
(a)___________ – wave-like change in the electrical properties of a cell membrane that results from the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the membrane and causes the muscle cell to contract
a. Action Potential
Tiny blood vessels that connect arteries and veins, forming an intricate network around body tissues in order to distribute oxygen and nutrients to the cells and remove waste substances
a. Capillaries
Cylindrical structures containing the myofilaments actin (thin filament) and myosin (thick filament)
a. Myofibrils
Surrounding myofibrils are a calcium-housing network called the (a)__________(SR),
a. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Tube -like structures that transfer signals called T-tubules, and mitochondria, which are used to produce energy.
Tubular network that surrounds each individual myofibril and acts as a storage site for calcium within the skeletal muscle.
a. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
Tubules that pass in a transverse manner from the sarcolemma across a myofibril of striated muscle passing signals within the cell
T-tubules
Tension is created in a group of muscle fibers by initiation of the (a)__________
a. Action potential
The (a)_________ travels via an electrical current through the spinal cord and is transferred to the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
a. Action potential
The part of the nervous system that is outside the central nervous system and comprises the cranial nerves excepting the optic nerve, the spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
A part of the vertebrate nervous system that innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glandular tissues and governs involuntary actions (such as secretion and peristalsis) and that consists of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system (Part of the Peripheral nervous system)
The part of the autonomic nervous system that contains chiefly cholinergic fibers, that tends to induce secretion, to increase the tone and contractility of smooth muscle, and to slow heart rate, and that consists of a cranial and a sacral part
Parasympathetic nervous system (part of the Autonomic nervous system)
The part of the autonomic nervous system that contains chiefly adrenergic fibers and tends to depress secretion, decrease the tone and contractility of smooth muscle, and increase heart rate
Sympathetic nervous system (part of the Autonomic nervous system)
The (a)________current runs through outer levels of muscle tissue to very small nerve fibers called motor neurons which connect to the particular fibers to be contracted.
a. Action potential
Motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
Motor Unit
A cellular protein found especially in microfilaments (such as those comprising myofibrils) and active in muscular contraction, cellular movement, and maintenance of cell shape
Actin
A protein of muscle that together with tropomyosin forms a regulatory protein complex controlling the interaction of actin and myosin and that when combined with calcium ions permits muscular contraction
Troponin
A protein of muscle that forms a complex with troponin regulating the interaction of actin and myosin in muscular contraction.
Tropomyosin
A fibrous globulin of muscle that can split ATP and that reacts with actin in muscle contraction to form actomyosin
Myosin
A contractile complex of actin and myosin that together with ATP is active during muscular contraction.
Actomyosin
Inside the muscle fiber, the following must occur to allow for a contraction (Sliding Filament Theory):
there are five basic steps. Step one is..
Action Potential travels down the T-tubules and stimulates the SR (Sarcoplasmic reticulum)
Inside the muscle fiber, the following must occur to allow for a contraction (Sliding Filament Theory):
there are five basic steps. Step two after Action potential stimulates the SR is..
Calcium is released from the SR, acting as a key to unlock the bond between the thin acting contractile filament and troponin.
Inside the muscle fiber, the following must occur to allow for a contraction (Sliding Filament Theory):
there are five basic steps. Step three after Action potential stimulates the SR (Sarcoplasmic reticulum) and the bond is unlocked between thin Actin and troponin is..
Troponin molecule moves, rotating the tropomyosin molecule away from the binding site.
Inside the muscle fiber, the following must occur to allow for a contraction (Sliding Filament Theory):
there are five basic steps. Step four is after Action potential stimulates the SR (Sarcoplasmic reticulum) , and the bond is unlocked between thin Actin and troponin. Then the tropomyosin rotates away from the binding site. Step four after this is..
Myosin is free to attach to Actin forming a cross bridge.
Inside the muscle fiber, the following must occur to allow for a contraction (Sliding Filament Theory):
there are five basic steps. The last step, step five after a cross bridge is formed with Myosin and Actin is..
Adenosine triphosphate is split at the myosin/actin attachment site and energy is released, allowing the muscle fiber to contract and produce force.
A phosphorylated nucleotide C10 H16 N5 O13 P3 composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups that supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes by undergoing enzymatic hydrolysis especially to ADP — called also adenosine triphosphate
(Adenosine triphosphate) ATP
To cause (an organic compound) to take up or combine with phosphoric acid or a phosphorus-containing group
Phosphorylated
a (1) :a salt or ester of a phosphoric acid (2) :the trivalent anion PO43− derived from phosphoric acid H3 PO4
b :an organic compound of phosphoric acid in which the acid group is bound to nitrogen or a carboxyl group in a way that permits useful energy to be released (as in metabolism)
Phosphate
A nonmetallic element of the nitrogen family that occurs widely especially as phosphates.
Phosphorus
The electrode of an electrochemical cell at which oxidation occurs: such as
a :the positive terminal of an electrolytic cell
b :the negative terminal of a galvanic cell
Anode
Hydrolysis
A chemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of a bond and the addition of the hydrogen cation and the hydroxide anion of water
Hydrolysis
A chemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of a bond and the addition of the hydrogen cation and the hydroxide anion of water.
Any of numerous complex proteins that are produced by living cells and catalyze specific biochemical reactions at body temperatures
Enzyme
A nonmetallic electric conductor in which current is carried by the movement of ions
A substance that when dissolved in a suitable solvent or when fused becomes an ionic conductor
b :any of the ions (as of sodium or calcium) that in biological fluid regulate or affect most metabolic processes (such as the flow of nutrients into and waste products out of cells)
Electrolyte
The ion in an electrolyzed solution that migrates to the cathode; broadly :a positively charged ion
Cation
The electrode of an electrochemical cell at which reduction occurs:
a :the negative terminal of an electrolytic cell
b :the positive terminal of a galvanic cell
2
:the electron-emitting electrode of an electron tube; broadly :the negative electrode of a diode —
Cathode
The electrode of an electrochemical cell at which oxidation occurs: such as
a The positive terminal of an electrolytic cell
b The negative terminal of a galvanic cell
Anode
a :of, relating to, or producing a direct current of electricity a galvanic cell
b :caused by galvanism —used especially of the corrosion of metallic objects as a result of electrolytic action
Galvanic
A muscle fiber is either in a state of producing maximum tension or not producing any tension at all; this is known as the (a)”_________” principle.
a. “all or none”
One term fills in all blanks:
__________are stimulated within the desired muscle to produce movement
The greater the number of _________stimulated, the more fibers recruited, producing more tension
Total skeletal muscle force dictates how many muscle fibers are recruited for the contraction
Motor units
Two types of motor unit firing patterns are (a)________ and (b)_________
a. Synchronized firing
b. Asynchronous firing
Employed during high-output demands involving fast-twitch fibers and warranting significant fiber recruitment
Synchronized firing
Employed during endurance activities involving slow-twitch fibers which conserve motor unit potential, allowing prolonged work
Asynchronous
The ability to increase force production within a muscle through training is dependent on adaptations that occur to both:
(a) ______ _______(size) and the__________ _________ (recruitment, firing rate, firing synchronicity)
a. Muscle fibers
b. Nervous system
Force production improvements can occur without the addition of new muscle due to efficiency changes related to motor unit recruitment. three improvements in ascending order of the addition of more force production are…
Firing rate
^
Recruitment
^
Synchronicity
^Inability to produce force, most notably due to intensity of exercise - occurs in the (a) ___ ___ ___ and (a) ___ ___ ___
a. CNS ( central nervous system )
b. PNS ( Peripheral nervous system )
The part of the nervous system which in vertebrates consists of the brain and spinal cord, to which sensory impulses are transmitted and from which motor impulses pass out, and which coordinates the activity of the entire nervous system
Central Nervous System.
The part of the nervous system that is outside the central nervous system and comprises the cranial nerves excepting the optic nerve, the spinal nerves, and the autonomic nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System.
F______ Disrupts the motor unit’s ability to produce force.
As the rate of motor unit fatigue increases, performance proportionately declines
Fatigue
Period of time between repeated actions in an exercise; energy system specific and based on physical condition
Rest interval (rest period)
(a) _______ _________ ________ is dependent on the return of intracellular energy supply; circulatory-based, cellular by-product removal; and the delivery of O2
a. Muscle cell recovery
Period of time between exercise bouts, during which muscle fibers will:
Replenish their energy reserves
Repair any damage resulting from the production of force
Fully return to normal pre-exertion levels
Recovery period
Two types of isotonic contractions involve lengthening or shortening of a working muscle are (a)_____________ and (b)______________
a. Eccentric contraction
b. Concentric contraction
Muscle lengthens; negative work is produced; movement is decelerated
Eccentric contraction
Muscle shortens; positive work is produced; movement is accelerated
Concentric contraction
Relating to, or being muscular contraction in the absence of significant resistance, with marked shortening of muscle fibers, and without great increase in muscle tone
Isotonic
Relating to, involving, or being muscular contraction (as in isometrics) against resistance, without significant shortening of muscle fibers, and with marked increase in muscle tone
Isometric
Mostly used for stability; represent tension in the muscle that helps maintain position but does not cause acceleration or deceleration forces
Employed by stabilizing muscles to control movements and prevent undesirable actions
Isometric contractions
Type of muscle fiber recruited to produce a contraction depends on the amount of_____needed
Force
Three types of skeletal muscle fibers:
(a) _______
(b) _______
(c) _______
a. Type I
b. Type IIa
c. Type IIb
Type I skeletal muscle fibers are..
low force-producing fibers, or slow oxidative fibers
Type IIa skeletal muscle fibers are..
Intermediate force-producing fibers, or fast oxidative/glycolytic fibers
Type IIb skeletal muscle fibers are..
High force-producing fibers, or fast glycolytic fibers
Name two characteristics of fast twitch muscle fibers involving (a)diameter size and (b) High force output but quick to fatigue.
a. Large diameter size
b. High force output but quick to fatigue (30-50g per motor unit)
Name two characteristics of fast twitch muscle fibers involving (a) myofibrils and (b) glycogen reserves.
a. Densely packed myofibrils
b. Large glycogen reserves
Name two characteristics of fast twitch muscle fibers involving (a) power output activities (b) glycogen reserves. (b) size and strength when trained under certain conditions.
a. Preferentially recruited for high-power output activities
b. Increase in size and strength when trained under conditions of short duration and high intensity
Name one characteristic of fast twitch muscle fibers involving metabolic systems.
Preferentially function using anaerobic metabolic systems
O2-transporting protein of muscle; resembles blood hemoglobin in function
Myoglobin
Name two characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibers involving (a) comparison in proportion to fast-twitch fibers in size (b) amounts of force
a. 50% smaller than fast-twitch fibers
b. Produce low amounts of force (5g per motor unit)
Name two characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibers involving (a) type of metabolic systems (b) fatigue and type of suitable activity
a. Primarily use aerobic metabolic systems
b. Better suited for endurance activities – fatigue-resistant
Name two characteristics of slow twitch muscle fibers involving (a)capillary network and density of mitochondria (b) amounts of myoglobin and significance to amount of oxygen reserves.
a. Extensive capillary network and high mitochondrial density
b. Higher amounts of myoglobin, increasing oxygen reserves in cells
Name two characteristics of Type IIa intermediate muscle fibers involving
a. Type of activities it is used for( duration and force)
b. What combination of two types of fibers is it composed of.
a. Used for activities requiring prolonged duration and/or elevated force
b. Composition of both fast- and slow-twitch fiber characteristics
Type IIa intermediate muscle fibers support adaptation to both (a)________ and (b) __________ activities.
a. Aerobic
b. Anaerobic
(a)___________ predetermined; training will not change concentrations of fibers within segments of the body
a.Genetically
Postural muscles maintain a higher concentration of (a)______ ________fibers
a. slow-twitch fibers
Soleus, deep muscles of the back, and the (a) _________ ____________ must contract continuously to maintain an upright posture.
a. rectus abdominis
Not designed for rapid, high-force output; experience limited improvements in power/hypertrophy. (Fiber Type Distribution)
Soleus, deep muscles of the back, and the rectus abdominis.
Slow twitch fibers do not convert to fast twitch fibers (or vice versa) but muscle can become better suited to training stimulus due to the following three changes:
(a) _____________
(b) _____________
(c) _____________
a. Neural stimulation
b. Capillary and mitochondrial density
c. Enzyme
Some motor units in a muscle are always active even when the muscle is not contracting.
a. Muscle tone
Intrafusal fibers that lie parallel to normal muscle fibers which relay information to sensory neurons regarding changes in tissue length and tension
a. Muscle spindles
When rapidly stretched, they respond with a stretch reflex to initiate a contraction that limits an overstretch and potential damage to the muscle.
a. Muscle spindles
Sensory receptors found within muscle tendons that communicate information to motor neurons regarding the presence of excessive tension that may cause damage.
a. Golgi tendon organs
If tension in a muscle is too great, they send inhibitory signals to reduce motor neuron activity and thereby reduce the force of muscular contraction
a. Golgi tendon organs
Homeostasis
Tendency of the body to seek and maintain a condition of balance or equilibrium within its internal environment.
Eustress
A positive desirable form of stress that influences physical or physiological stress.
Distress
A negative form of stress that influences physical or physiological health.
(a)__________ direct actions of other tissues via chemical messaging
a. Hormones
Hormones circulate to all tissues, but only influence cells with associated receptors.
a. Target cell specificity
Promotes cell division and proliferation throughout the body by facilitating protein synthesis.
a. Growth Hormone (GH)
Protects glycogen reserves and limits carbohydrate (CHO) metabolism by encouraging the mobilization and use of lipids for fuel during exercise.
a. Growth Hormone (GH)
Perceived demands on the body (exercise intensity) determines total GH production
a. Growth Hormone (GH)
High-intensity training increases production, potentially increasing strength, power, and muscle size
a. Growth Hormone (GH)
Produced in the gonadal glands of men and women
Testosterone
Responsible for muscle tissue interaction, which explains visual and quantifiable differences between men and women.
Testosterone
Concentrations in women are ten times less than that of men.
Testosterone
Concentrations increase in response to exercise in both genders; high-intensity, total-body exercises (e.g., squat, deadlift) elicit greater responses.
Testosterone
Nervous system interaction - testosterone enhances strength and size via direct influence on neurons and structural proteins.
Testosterone
Produce digestive enzymes that are released into the small intestines to break down fat, CHO, and protein so they can be absorbed into the blood stream
Pancreatic Hormones
Regulate blood sugar via the release of two endocrine hormones, insulin and glucagon
Pancreatic Hormones
Natural anabolic hormone made by the pancreas that helps control blood glucose levels
Insulin
Stimulates an increase in blood sugar levels when they are low (opposes insulin)
Glucagon
After a meal, when blood sugar rises, the release of (a)__________ drives glucose into muscle and liver cells to be stored as glycogen
a. Insulin
After a meal, when blood sugar rises, after the release of insulin drives glucose into muscle and liver cells to be stored as glycogen …
Excess a. __________ is deposited in fat cells as triglycerides to ensure normalization of blood glucose
Excess b.____________blocks lipolysis, further promoting fat storage
Excess (a)sugar is deposited in fat cells as triglycerides to ensure normalization of blood glucose
Excess (b) insulin blocks lipolysis, further promoting fat storage
Low blood glucose is referred to as a. _________; alpha cells in the pancreas are stimulated to release glucagon
b._________ travels to the liver to stimulate the release of stored glucose (glycogen) into circulation to stabilize blood glucose
a. Hypoglycemia
b. Glucagon
Thyroxine is a thyroid hormone that acts to__ ___ _________ ____ metabolic rate of ________ _______
acts to increase the metabolic rate of all cells.
Heavy exercise increases release of ______ __________; possibly contributes to immediate, short-term excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) through an increase in the resting metabolic rate (RMR)
Thyroid hormones
Thyroid hormones Facilitates actions of anabolic hormones and stimulates increased secretions of GH and a.________
(a) IGF-1
Hyperthyroidism will impede weight gain, while a. _____________ will impede weight loss
(a) hypothyroidism
Important to exercise as they are specifically designed to manage stress
Adrenal Hormones
Regulate electrolytes and the production of cortisol and androgens
Adrenal Hormones
Regulates ion activity and water balance by reabsorbing or excreting sodium
Aldosterone
Inhibits CHO uptake and oxygen in the body by acting as an insulin antagonist.
Cortisol actions during exercise or stress
Released during high psychological stress, leading to significant body protein breakdown
Cortisol actions during exercise or stress
Sustained high level release suppresses immune function
Cortisol actions during exercise or stress
Promote heart rate and blood pressure changes through neural stimulation
Epinephrine and nonepinephrine functions
These functions, enhance enzyme systems of working tissue
Epinephrine and nonepinephrine functions
These functions, promote vasodilation
Epinephrine and nonepinephrine functions
These functions, augment the release of anabolic hormones
Epinephrine and nonepinephrine functions
Catecholamines
any naturally occurring amine that functions as a neurotransmitter or hormone; includes dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
Release of catecholamines is based on acute stress experienced by the body
Prolonged______leads to reduced return and detrimental outcomes
Stress
Training needs to be dose-appropriate and balanced with other perceived stresses to ensure positive adaptive outcomes
Catecholamines
Positive adaption process that occurs in muscle protein is muscle remodeling
Significant (a)_____________stress elicits disruption and damage to muscle cells, stimulating an inflammatory response.
Extent of (b) __________ is dependent upon the physiological disruption that occurs.
Hormone interaction of GH, testosterone, IGF, T3 and insulin cause the cells to synthesize new protein structures along the (c)___________
a. Physiological
b. Protein remodeling
c. sarcomer
