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Fitness > Online course outline (majority of test) Lesson one functional anatomy > Flashcards

Online course outline (majority of test) Lesson one functional anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

(a)___________ and (b)__________ assist in providing structural support to strengthen joints.

A

a. ligaments

b. tendons

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2
Q

Tough fibrous band of connective tissue that supports internal organs and holds bones together properly in joints

A

Ligament

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3
Q

Tough fibrous band of connective tissue that connects muscles to bones

A

Tendon

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4
Q

Individuals with joint laxity or hypermobility (extremely flexible joints) should:.

(a) Strengthen..
(b) Be cautious..

A

a. Strengthen the surrounding tissues to encourage stability

b. Be cautious during high-force activities

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5
Q

How Joints Work

Articulating surfaces provide(a)_____ ________

(b) __________ ___________ create internal forces that act on bone
(c) __________ __________ is structured in a way that produces and manages efficient force development

A

a. structural support
b. local stabilizers
c. Connective tissue

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6
Q

Skeletal muscle serves several purposes:

Pulls on(a)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_attached to the skeleton which produces movement
Produces tension to maintain (b)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and sustain body positions and supports (c)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

a. tendons
b. posture
c. soft tissues

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7
Q

Muscle fascia is a type of fibrous connective tissue that:

Separates individual muscles and muscle groups
Provides shape to the arranged fibers it contains
Maintains (a).__________ _________

A

a. Intra-muscular tension

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8
Q

Made up of long, cylinder-like fibers (muscle cells)

A

Myofibrils

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9
Q

Proteins within myofibrils that set the actions of muscle into motion

A

Myofilaments

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10
Q

Thick myofilaments are known as…

A

Myosin

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11
Q

Thin filaments are known as..

A

Actin

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12
Q

Standard reference position for the body used when describing locations, positions, and movements of limbs or other anatomical structures

A

Anatomical position

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13
Q

Dissects the body down the center into side-by-side halves

Example exercise – forward lunge

A

Sagittal plane

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14
Q

Dissects the body into front and back halves

Example exercise – cable lat pull-down

A

Frontal plane

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15
Q

Dissects the body into superior and inferior components

Example exercise – cable trunk rotation

A

Transverse plane

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16
Q

Placed before or in front

A

Anterior

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17
Q

located behind a part or toward the rear of a structure

A

Posterior

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18
Q

At, in, near, or being the center; dividing a person into right and left halves

A

Medial

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19
Q

Position or movement away from, or farther from, the midline of the body

A

Lateral

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20
Q

Situated nearest to point of attachment or origin

A

Proximal

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21
Q

Situated farthest from point of attachment or origin, usually in reference to a limb or bone

A

Distal

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22
Q

To bend:
In hinge joints - the articulating bones move closer together
In ball and socket joints - the limb moves anterior to the midaxillary line

A

Flexion

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23
Q

To straighten or extend:
In hinge joints - the articulating bones move away from each other
In ball and socket joints - the limb moves posterior to the midaxillary line

A

Extension

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24
Q

Spinal movement to the left or right; occurs at the neck and trunk

A

Lateral Flexion

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25
Q

Movement of a structure toward the anterior surface in a horizontal line

A

Protraction

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26
Q

Movement back to the anatomical position, or posterior to functional range of motion

A

Retraction

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27
Q

Movement of the ball of the foot toward the shin

A

Dorsi flexion

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28
Q

Foot movement toward the plantar surface (ankle extension)

A

Plantar Flexion

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29
Q

Rotation of the forearm where the radius and ulna cross; palms face posterior

A

Pronation

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30
Q

Rotation of the forearm where the radius and ulna uncross; palms face anterior

A

Supination

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31
Q

Consists of turning the ankle so the plantar surface of the foot faces medially

A

Inversion

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32
Q

Consists of turning the ankle so the plantar surface of the foot faces laterally

A

Eversion

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33
Q

Movement away from the midline

A

Abduction

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34
Q

Movement toward the midline

A

Adduction

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35
Q

There are five regions of the vertebral column,

How many vertebrae are there in the (a)cervical vertebrae and in the (b) thoracic vertebrae?

A

a. 7 (cervical)

b. 12 (thoracic)

36
Q

There are five regions of the vertebral column,

How many vertebrae are there in the (a) lumbar vertebrae and in the (b) sacral bone?

A

a. 5 (lumbar)

b. 1 (sacral bone)

37
Q

There are five regions of the vertebral column,

How many vertebrae are there in the a) Coccygeal bone?

A

a. 1

38
Q

The cervical and lumbar regions have a (a)_____________curvature

A

a. Lordotic

39
Q

The thoracic and sacral spine have a

(a) _____________ curvature

A

a. Kyphotic

40
Q

An abnormal concave (inward) curvature of the spine; creates a swayback appearance

A

a. Lordosis

41
Q

An abnormal convex (outward) curvature of the upper portion of the spinal column; creates a hunchback appearance

A

a. Kyphosis

42
Q

Spinal position that retains the three natural curves:
Small lordotic curve at the base of the neck
Small kyphotic curve at the middle back
Small lordotic curve in the low back

A

a. Neutral Spine

43
Q

Fibrocartilaginous discs that serve as a cushion between vertebrae of the spinal column

A

a. Intervertebral discs

44
Q

Flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral flexion are movements of the vertebra is associated with movements in the (a)___________

A

a. trunk

45
Q

The pelvis articulates with the spine mainly at the (a)__________________ __________

A

Lumbosacral joint (formed by the pelvis and lowest lumbar vertebrae)

46
Q

Both apply:
Forward rotation of the pelvis; originates from the lumbosacral joint

Increases the lordotic curve of the lumbar spine, which may place excessive stress on the posterior aspect of the discs in the region

A

Anterior pelvic tilt

47
Q

Both apply:

Backward rotation of the pelvis; originates from the lumbosacral joint

Reduces the lordotic curve of the lumbar spine, flattening disks in the region

A

Posterior pelvic tilt

48
Q

Forward rotation of the pelvis; originates from the lumbosacral joint

Increases the lordotic curve of the lumbar spine, which may place excessive stress on the posterior aspect of the discs in the region

A

Anterior pelvic tilt

49
Q

Backward rotation of the pelvis; originates from the lumbosacral joint

Reduces the lordotic curve of the lumbar spine, flattening disks in the region

A

Posterior pelvic tilt

50
Q

Shoulder, Glenohumeral (GH) joint:

(a)____________ allows for a greater degree of movement than any other joint

A

a. Ball and socket joint

51
Q

(Shoulder) Multiple-axis joint action (flexion combined with abduction and then adduction)

A

Circumduction

52
Q

Shoulder:

The vast movement capabilities decrease stability due to reduced contact area.

An increase in (a)______ _______ can cause dysfunction in the shoulder.

A

a. Kyphotic curvature

53
Q

Shoulder Girdle:

Movements of the shoulder girdle complement the actions of the GH joint.

(a)___________ can be elevated, depressed, abducted, protracted, adducted (retracted), and rotated upward and downward

A

a. Scapula

54
Q

Hinge joint allows for flexion and extension of the arm

A

Elbow

55
Q

One word fits all blanks:

Movements of the (a)__________ include flexion, extension, and radial/ulnar deviation

Has the ability to hyperextend, which occurs as the back of the hand moves closer to the top of the forearm from a neutral (a)___________ position

Forceful extension over time can result in (a)________extensor inflammation called tennis elbow

A

a. Wrist

56
Q

Can flex, extend, hyperextend, abduct, adduct, and internally and externally rotate

A

Hip

57
Q

Hinge joint allows for flexion and extension

Improper joint biomechanics can increase the risk for injury
When the (a)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ passes the plane of the toe during flexion, the action forces undesirable movement of the tibia called tibial translation, which disrupts patella tracking (think of a forward lunge)
A

Knee

58
Q

Hinge joint allows for plantar flexion, dorsi flexion, eversion and inversion

A

Ankle

59
Q

a muscle whose torque prevents movement at a joint.

A

Stabilizer

60
Q

the muscle that causes an action

A

Prime mover

61
Q

a single-sided or unbalanced load or weight distribution

A

Asymmetrical load

62
Q

a stable state characterized by the cancellation of all forces by equal opposing forces

A

Balance

63
Q

sum of all external forces acting on the body equal zero; determines the ability to balance

A

Static equilibrium

64
Q

capacity to do work

A

Energy

65
Q

Transfer of energy by a force acting to displace the body; equal to the product of the force and the distance through which it produces movement

A

Work

66
Q

One word fills in the blanks:
(a)_________ can be either positive or negative as long as there is movement
If weight is pressed overhead, the action is positive (a)________; when the weight is lowered back down, the action is considered negative (a)________

A

a. Work

67
Q

Mechanical energy has two forms, one form is energy possessed by the body due to its motion. This is called (a)_______ __________

A

a. Kinetic energy

68
Q

Mechanical energy has two forms, one form suggests no movement, implies energy due to position: such as with a stretched rubber band or muscle. This is called (a)_______ _________

A

a. Potential energy

69
Q

This cycle uses kinetic energy transferred into potential energy and back into kinetic energy for increased force output. This is known as a (a)______ _________ __________

A

a. stretch-shortening cycle (SSC)

70
Q

Time rate of doing work (work ÷ time)

A

Power

71
Q

One word applies to all blanks:

___________ output depends on the muscle’s contractile velocity; as it increases, maximal force decreases.
Maximal _________ can be produced at about 50% of velocity capability

A

Power

72
Q

One word applies to all blanks:

Total __________ output depends on the quantity of _________ and the time it is sustained

A

Power

73
Q

The turning effect created by a force about an axis.

Muscular force moves limbs around their respective axes of rotation as defined by the joint

A

Torque

74
Q

The further the resistance is held from the body, the longer the (a)______________ arm, and the greater the magnitude of torque required to move the load

A

a. Resistance

75
Q

Distance between the fulcrum and the resistance point

A

Resistance arm

76
Q

Point where the mass of an object is equally balanced

A

Center of gravity (COG)

77
Q

One word applies to all blanks:

A group of body segments that are connected by joints and operate together to provide a wide range of motion for a limb. This is called a (a)____________
External force energy must be transferred across the (a)__________ to effectively join with internal forces.

Energy leaked due to unstable segments will limit internal force application, reducing external force.

A

Kinetic chain

78
Q 
(a)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is achieved with the following variables:
Mass of the object
Height of the COG
Line of gravitational pull
Base of support
A

Stability

79
Q

The more central the______________ within the base of support, The more stable the object becomes.
Migration of the_______________ outside the base of support results in a less stable subject.
If the_______________ exceeds the outer limits of the base of support, the object will no longer be able to maintain stability.

A

Line of Gravity.

factors affecting stability

80
Q

The wider the base of support, the more (a)________ an object will become (e.g., brick lying flat vs. on its side)

A

a. stable

81
Q

Enhanced (a)_____________ is achieved when the width of the base of support is widest and in-line with the direction of the resistance

A

a. stability

82
Q

(a)________________is commonly employed during exercise when excessive resistance is used

A

Angular momentum

83
Q

Most often generated from hip extension or flexion to increase total force output

Prime movers perform less work and experience reduced training stress compared to the employment of proper lifting technique

A

Angular momentum

84
Q

The body’s production of (a)_________ from rotational inertia requires a force proportionate to the angular momentum to stop the movement

A

a. Angular momentum

85
Q

Role of a muscle whose torque opposes a performed action

A

Antagonist

86
Q

Role of a muscle whose torque aids a performed action; referred to as the prime mover

A

Agonist

87
Q

One word fills in the blanks:

The force production relationship between an agonist and antagonist muscle or group of muscles acting on a join is called_____________.

When the agonist muscle group surpasses the antagonist muscle group’s ______________requirements, injuries will occur.

A

Strength balance

Fitness (32 decks)

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