Online course outline (majority of test) Lesson one functional anatomy Flashcards
(a)___________ and (b)__________ assist in providing structural support to strengthen joints.
a. ligaments
b. tendons
Tough fibrous band of connective tissue that supports internal organs and holds bones together properly in joints
Ligament
Tough fibrous band of connective tissue that connects muscles to bones
Tendon
Individuals with joint laxity or hypermobility (extremely flexible joints) should:.
(a) Strengthen..
(b) Be cautious..
a. Strengthen the surrounding tissues to encourage stability
b. Be cautious during high-force activities
How Joints Work
Articulating surfaces provide(a)_____ ________
(b) __________ ___________ create internal forces that act on bone
(c) __________ __________ is structured in a way that produces and manages efficient force development
a. structural support
b. local stabilizers
c. Connective tissue
Skeletal muscle serves several purposes:
Pulls on(a)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_attached to the skeleton which produces movement Produces tension to maintain (b)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and sustain body positions and supports (c)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
a. tendons
b. posture
c. soft tissues
Muscle fascia is a type of fibrous connective tissue that:
Separates individual muscles and muscle groups
Provides shape to the arranged fibers it contains
Maintains (a).__________ _________
a. Intra-muscular tension
Made up of long, cylinder-like fibers (muscle cells)
Myofibrils
Proteins within myofibrils that set the actions of muscle into motion
Myofilaments
Thick myofilaments are known as…
Myosin
Thin filaments are known as..
Actin
Standard reference position for the body used when describing locations, positions, and movements of limbs or other anatomical structures
Anatomical position
Dissects the body down the center into side-by-side halves
Example exercise – forward lunge
Sagittal plane
Dissects the body into front and back halves
Example exercise – cable lat pull-down
Frontal plane
Dissects the body into superior and inferior components
Example exercise – cable trunk rotation
Transverse plane
Placed before or in front
Anterior
located behind a part or toward the rear of a structure
Posterior
At, in, near, or being the center; dividing a person into right and left halves
Medial
Position or movement away from, or farther from, the midline of the body
Lateral
Situated nearest to point of attachment or origin
Proximal
Situated farthest from point of attachment or origin, usually in reference to a limb or bone
Distal
To bend:
In hinge joints - the articulating bones move closer together
In ball and socket joints - the limb moves anterior to the midaxillary line
Flexion
To straighten or extend:
In hinge joints - the articulating bones move away from each other
In ball and socket joints - the limb moves posterior to the midaxillary line
Extension
Spinal movement to the left or right; occurs at the neck and trunk
Lateral Flexion
Movement of a structure toward the anterior surface in a horizontal line
Protraction
Movement back to the anatomical position, or posterior to functional range of motion
Retraction
Movement of the ball of the foot toward the shin
Dorsi flexion
Foot movement toward the plantar surface (ankle extension)
Plantar Flexion
Rotation of the forearm where the radius and ulna cross; palms face posterior
Pronation
Rotation of the forearm where the radius and ulna uncross; palms face anterior
Supination
Consists of turning the ankle so the plantar surface of the foot faces medially
Inversion
Consists of turning the ankle so the plantar surface of the foot faces laterally
Eversion
Movement away from the midline
Abduction
Movement toward the midline
Adduction
There are five regions of the vertebral column,
How many vertebrae are there in the (a)cervical vertebrae and in the (b) thoracic vertebrae?
a. 7 (cervical)
b. 12 (thoracic)
There are five regions of the vertebral column,
How many vertebrae are there in the (a) lumbar vertebrae and in the (b) sacral bone?
a. 5 (lumbar)
b. 1 (sacral bone)
There are five regions of the vertebral column,
How many vertebrae are there in the a) Coccygeal bone?
a. 1
The cervical and lumbar regions have a (a)_____________curvature
a. Lordotic
The thoracic and sacral spine have a
(a) _____________ curvature
a. Kyphotic
An abnormal concave (inward) curvature of the spine; creates a swayback appearance
a. Lordosis
An abnormal convex (outward) curvature of the upper portion of the spinal column; creates a hunchback appearance
a. Kyphosis
Spinal position that retains the three natural curves:
Small lordotic curve at the base of the neck
Small kyphotic curve at the middle back
Small lordotic curve in the low back
a. Neutral Spine
Fibrocartilaginous discs that serve as a cushion between vertebrae of the spinal column
a. Intervertebral discs
Flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral flexion are movements of the vertebra is associated with movements in the (a)___________
a. trunk
The pelvis articulates with the spine mainly at the (a)__________________ __________
Lumbosacral joint (formed by the pelvis and lowest lumbar vertebrae)
Both apply:
Forward rotation of the pelvis; originates from the lumbosacral joint
Increases the lordotic curve of the lumbar spine, which may place excessive stress on the posterior aspect of the discs in the region
Anterior pelvic tilt
Both apply:
Backward rotation of the pelvis; originates from the lumbosacral joint
Reduces the lordotic curve of the lumbar spine, flattening disks in the region
Posterior pelvic tilt
Forward rotation of the pelvis; originates from the lumbosacral joint
Increases the lordotic curve of the lumbar spine, which may place excessive stress on the posterior aspect of the discs in the region
Anterior pelvic tilt
Backward rotation of the pelvis; originates from the lumbosacral joint
Reduces the lordotic curve of the lumbar spine, flattening disks in the region
Posterior pelvic tilt
Shoulder, Glenohumeral (GH) joint:
(a)____________ allows for a greater degree of movement than any other joint
a. Ball and socket joint
(Shoulder) Multiple-axis joint action (flexion combined with abduction and then adduction)
Circumduction
Shoulder:
The vast movement capabilities decrease stability due to reduced contact area.
An increase in (a)______ _______ can cause dysfunction in the shoulder.
a. Kyphotic curvature
Shoulder Girdle:
Movements of the shoulder girdle complement the actions of the GH joint.
(a)___________ can be elevated, depressed, abducted, protracted, adducted (retracted), and rotated upward and downward
a. Scapula
Hinge joint allows for flexion and extension of the arm
Elbow
One word fits all blanks:
Movements of the (a)__________ include flexion, extension, and radial/ulnar deviation
Has the ability to hyperextend, which occurs as the back of the hand moves closer to the top of the forearm from a neutral (a)___________ position
Forceful extension over time can result in (a)________extensor inflammation called tennis elbow
a. Wrist
Can flex, extend, hyperextend, abduct, adduct, and internally and externally rotate
Hip
Hinge joint allows for flexion and extension
Improper joint biomechanics can increase the risk for injury When the (a)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ passes the plane of the toe during flexion, the action forces undesirable movement of the tibia called tibial translation, which disrupts patella tracking (think of a forward lunge)
Knee
Hinge joint allows for plantar flexion, dorsi flexion, eversion and inversion
Ankle
a muscle whose torque prevents movement at a joint.
Stabilizer
the muscle that causes an action
Prime mover
a single-sided or unbalanced load or weight distribution
Asymmetrical load
a stable state characterized by the cancellation of all forces by equal opposing forces
Balance
sum of all external forces acting on the body equal zero; determines the ability to balance
Static equilibrium
capacity to do work
Energy
Transfer of energy by a force acting to displace the body; equal to the product of the force and the distance through which it produces movement
Work
One word fills in the blanks:
(a)_________ can be either positive or negative as long as there is movement
If weight is pressed overhead, the action is positive (a)________; when the weight is lowered back down, the action is considered negative (a)________
a. Work
Mechanical energy has two forms, one form is energy possessed by the body due to its motion. This is called (a)_______ __________
a. Kinetic energy
Mechanical energy has two forms, one form suggests no movement, implies energy due to position: such as with a stretched rubber band or muscle. This is called (a)_______ _________
a. Potential energy
This cycle uses kinetic energy transferred into potential energy and back into kinetic energy for increased force output. This is known as a (a)______ _________ __________
a. stretch-shortening cycle (SSC)
Time rate of doing work (work ÷ time)
Power
One word applies to all blanks:
___________ output depends on the muscle’s contractile velocity; as it increases, maximal force decreases.
Maximal _________ can be produced at about 50% of velocity capability
Power
One word applies to all blanks:
Total __________ output depends on the quantity of _________ and the time it is sustained
Power
The turning effect created by a force about an axis.
Muscular force moves limbs around their respective axes of rotation as defined by the joint
Torque
The further the resistance is held from the body, the longer the (a)______________ arm, and the greater the magnitude of torque required to move the load
a. Resistance
Distance between the fulcrum and the resistance point
Resistance arm
Point where the mass of an object is equally balanced
Center of gravity (COG)
One word applies to all blanks:
A group of body segments that are connected by joints and operate together to provide a wide range of motion for a limb. This is called a (a)____________
External force energy must be transferred across the (a)__________ to effectively join with internal forces.
Energy leaked due to unstable segments will limit internal force application, reducing external force.
Kinetic chain
(a)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is achieved with the following variables: Mass of the object Height of the COG Line of gravitational pull Base of support
Stability
The more central the______________ within the base of support, The more stable the object becomes.
Migration of the_______________ outside the base of support results in a less stable subject.
If the_______________ exceeds the outer limits of the base of support, the object will no longer be able to maintain stability.
Line of Gravity.
factors affecting stability
The wider the base of support, the more (a)________ an object will become (e.g., brick lying flat vs. on its side)
a. stable
Enhanced (a)_____________ is achieved when the width of the base of support is widest and in-line with the direction of the resistance
a. stability
(a)________________is commonly employed during exercise when excessive resistance is used
Angular momentum
Most often generated from hip extension or flexion to increase total force output
Prime movers perform less work and experience reduced training stress compared to the employment of proper lifting technique
Angular momentum
The body’s production of (a)_________ from rotational inertia requires a force proportionate to the angular momentum to stop the movement
a. Angular momentum
Role of a muscle whose torque opposes a performed action
Antagonist
Role of a muscle whose torque aids a performed action; referred to as the prime mover
Agonist
One word fills in the blanks:
The force production relationship between an agonist and antagonist muscle or group of muscles acting on a join is called_____________.
When the agonist muscle group surpasses the antagonist muscle group’s ______________requirements, injuries will occur.
Strength balance
