Online course outline (majority of test) Lesson one functional anatomy

Question 1

(a)___________ and (b)__________ assist in providing structural support to strengthen joints.

Answer 1

a. ligaments

b. tendons

Question 2

Tough fibrous band of connective tissue that supports internal organs and holds bones together properly in joints

Answer 2

Ligament

Question 3

Tough fibrous band of connective tissue that connects muscles to bones

Answer 3

Tendon

Question 4

Individuals with joint laxity or hypermobility (extremely flexible joints) should:.

(a) Strengthen..
(b) Be cautious..

Answer 4

a. Strengthen the surrounding tissues to encourage stability

b. Be cautious during high-force activities

Question 5

How Joints Work

Articulating surfaces provide(a)_____ ________

(b) __________ ___________ create internal forces that act on bone
(c) __________ __________ is structured in a way that produces and manages efficient force development

Answer 5

a. structural support
b. local stabilizers
c. Connective tissue

Question 6

Skeletal muscle serves several purposes:

Pulls on(a)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_attached to the skeleton which produces movement
Produces tension to maintain (b)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and sustain body positions and supports (c)\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 6

a. tendons
b. posture
c. soft tissues

Question 7

Muscle fascia is a type of fibrous connective tissue that:

Separates individual muscles and muscle groups
Provides shape to the arranged fibers it contains
Maintains (a).__________ _________

Answer 7

a. Intra-muscular tension

Question 8

Made up of long, cylinder-like fibers (muscle cells)

Answer 8

Myofibrils

Question 9

Proteins within myofibrils that set the actions of muscle into motion

Answer 9

Myofilaments

Question 10

Thick myofilaments are known as…

Answer 10

Myosin

Question 11

Thin filaments are known as..

Answer 11

Actin

Question 12

Standard reference position for the body used when describing locations, positions, and movements of limbs or other anatomical structures

Answer 12

Anatomical position

Question 13

Dissects the body down the center into side-by-side halves

Example exercise – forward lunge

Answer 13

Sagittal plane

Question 14

Dissects the body into front and back halves

Example exercise – cable lat pull-down

Answer 14

Frontal plane

Question 15

Dissects the body into superior and inferior components

Example exercise – cable trunk rotation

Answer 15

Transverse plane

Question 16

Placed before or in front

Answer 16

Anterior

Question 17

located behind a part or toward the rear of a structure

Answer 17

Posterior

Question 18

At, in, near, or being the center; dividing a person into right and left halves

Answer 18

Medial

Question 19

Position or movement away from, or farther from, the midline of the body

Answer 19

Lateral

Question 20

Situated nearest to point of attachment or origin

Answer 20

Proximal

Question 21

Situated farthest from point of attachment or origin, usually in reference to a limb or bone

Answer 21

Distal

Question 22

To bend:
In hinge joints - the articulating bones move closer together
In ball and socket joints - the limb moves anterior to the midaxillary line

Answer 22

Flexion

Question 23

To straighten or extend:
In hinge joints - the articulating bones move away from each other
In ball and socket joints - the limb moves posterior to the midaxillary line

Answer 23

Extension

Question 24

Spinal movement to the left or right; occurs at the neck and trunk

Answer 24

Lateral Flexion

Question 25

Movement of a structure toward the anterior surface in a horizontal line

Answer 25

Protraction

Question 26

Movement back to the anatomical position, or posterior to functional range of motion

Answer 26

Retraction

Question 27

Movement of the ball of the foot toward the shin

Answer 27

Dorsi flexion

Question 28

Foot movement toward the plantar surface (ankle extension)

Answer 28

Plantar Flexion

Question 29

Rotation of the forearm where the radius and ulna cross; palms face posterior

Answer 29

Pronation

Question 30

Rotation of the forearm where the radius and ulna uncross; palms face anterior

Answer 30

Supination

Question 31

Consists of turning the ankle so the plantar surface of the foot faces medially

Answer 31

Inversion

Question 32

Consists of turning the ankle so the plantar surface of the foot faces laterally

Answer 32

Eversion

Question 33

Movement away from the midline

Answer 33

Abduction

Question 34

Movement toward the midline

Answer 34

Adduction

Question 35

There are five regions of the vertebral column, | How many vertebrae are there in the (a)cervical vertebrae and in the (b) thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 35

a. 7 (cervical) | b. 12 (thoracic)

Question 36

There are five regions of the vertebral column, | How many vertebrae are there in the (a) lumbar vertebrae and in the (b) sacral bone?

Answer 36

a. 5 (lumbar) | b. 1 (sacral bone)

Question 37

There are five regions of the vertebral column, | How many vertebrae are there in the a) Coccygeal bone?

Answer 37

a. 1

Question 38

The cervical and lumbar regions have a (a)_____________curvature

Answer 38

a. Lordotic

Question 39

The thoracic and sacral spine have a | (a) _____________ curvature

Answer 39

a. Kyphotic

Question 40

An abnormal concave (inward) curvature of the spine; creates a swayback appearance

Answer 40

a. Lordosis

Question 41

An abnormal convex (outward) curvature of the upper portion of the spinal column; creates a hunchback appearance

Answer 41

a. Kyphosis

Question 42

Spinal position that retains the three natural curves: Small lordotic curve at the base of the neck Small kyphotic curve at the middle back Small lordotic curve in the low back

Answer 42

a. Neutral Spine

Question 43

Fibrocartilaginous discs that serve as a cushion between vertebrae of the spinal column

Answer 43

a. Intervertebral discs

Question 44

Flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral flexion are movements of the vertebra is associated with movements in the (a)___________

Answer 44

a. trunk

Question 45

The pelvis articulates with the spine mainly at the (a)__________________ __________

Answer 45

Lumbosacral joint (formed by the pelvis and lowest lumbar vertebrae)

Question 46

Both apply: Forward rotation of the pelvis; originates from the lumbosacral joint Increases the lordotic curve of the lumbar spine, which may place excessive stress on the posterior aspect of the discs in the region

Answer 46

Anterior pelvic tilt

Question 47

Both apply: Backward rotation of the pelvis; originates from the lumbosacral joint Reduces the lordotic curve of the lumbar spine, flattening disks in the region

Answer 47

Posterior pelvic tilt

Question 48

Forward rotation of the pelvis; originates from the lumbosacral joint Increases the lordotic curve of the lumbar spine, which may place excessive stress on the posterior aspect of the discs in the region

Answer 48

Anterior pelvic tilt

Question 49

Backward rotation of the pelvis; originates from the lumbosacral joint Reduces the lordotic curve of the lumbar spine, flattening disks in the region

Answer 49

Posterior pelvic tilt

Question 50

Shoulder, Glenohumeral (GH) joint: (a)____________ allows for a greater degree of movement than any other joint

Answer 50

a. Ball and socket joint

Question 51

(Shoulder) Multiple-axis joint action (flexion combined with abduction and then adduction)

Answer 51

Circumduction

Question 52

Shoulder: The vast movement capabilities decrease stability due to reduced contact area. An increase in (a)______ _______ can cause dysfunction in the shoulder.

Answer 52

a. Kyphotic curvature

Question 53

Shoulder Girdle: Movements of the shoulder girdle complement the actions of the GH joint. (a)___________ can be elevated, depressed, abducted, protracted, adducted (retracted), and rotated upward and downward

Answer 53

a. Scapula

Question 54

Hinge joint allows for flexion and extension of the arm

Answer 54

Elbow

Question 55

One word fits all blanks: Movements of the (a)__________ include flexion, extension, and radial/ulnar deviation Has the ability to hyperextend, which occurs as the back of the hand moves closer to the top of the forearm from a neutral (a)___________ position Forceful extension over time can result in (a)________extensor inflammation called tennis elbow

Answer 55

a. Wrist

Question 56

Can flex, extend, hyperextend, abduct, adduct, and internally and externally rotate

Answer 56

Hip

Question 57

Hinge joint allows for flexion and extension ``` Improper joint biomechanics can increase the risk for injury When the (a)_________ passes the plane of the toe during flexion, the action forces undesirable movement of the tibia called tibial translation, which disrupts patella tracking (think of a forward lunge) ```

Answer 57

Knee

Question 58

Hinge joint allows for plantar flexion, dorsi flexion, eversion and inversion

Answer 58

Ankle

Question 59

a muscle whose torque prevents movement at a joint.

Answer 59

Stabilizer

Question 60

the muscle that causes an action

Answer 60

Prime mover

Question 61

a single-sided or unbalanced load or weight distribution

Answer 61

Asymmetrical load

Question 62

a stable state characterized by the cancellation of all forces by equal opposing forces

Answer 62

Balance

Question 63

sum of all external forces acting on the body equal zero; determines the ability to balance

Answer 63

Static equilibrium

Question 64

capacity to do work

Answer 64

Energy

Question 65

Transfer of energy by a force acting to displace the body; equal to the product of the force and the distance through which it produces movement

Answer 65

Work

Question 66

One word fills in the blanks: (a)_________ can be either positive or negative as long as there is movement If weight is pressed overhead, the action is positive (a)________; when the weight is lowered back down, the action is considered negative (a)________

Answer 66

a. Work

Question 67

Mechanical energy has two forms, one form is energy possessed by the body due to its motion. This is called (a)_______ __________

Answer 67

a. Kinetic energy

Question 68

Mechanical energy has two forms, one form suggests no movement, implies energy due to position: such as with a stretched rubber band or muscle. This is called (a)_______ _________

Answer 68

a. Potential energy

Question 69

This cycle uses kinetic energy transferred into potential energy and back into kinetic energy for increased force output. This is known as a (a)______ _________ __________

Answer 69

a. stretch-shortening cycle (SSC)

Question 70

Time rate of doing work (work ÷ time)

Answer 70

Power

Question 71

One word applies to all blanks: ___________ output depends on the muscle’s contractile velocity; as it increases, maximal force decreases. Maximal _________ can be produced at about 50% of velocity capability

Answer 71

Power

Question 72

One word applies to all blanks: Total __________ output depends on the quantity of _________ and the time it is sustained

Answer 72

Power

Question 73

The turning effect created by a force about an axis. Muscular force moves limbs around their respective axes of rotation as defined by the joint

Answer 73

Torque

Question 74

The further the resistance is held from the body, the longer the (a)______________ arm, and the greater the magnitude of torque required to move the load

Answer 74

a. Resistance

Question 75

Distance between the fulcrum and the resistance point

Answer 75

Resistance arm

Question 76

Point where the mass of an object is equally balanced

Answer 76

Center of gravity (COG)

Question 77

One word applies to all blanks: A group of body segments that are connected by joints and operate together to provide a wide range of motion for a limb. This is called a (a)____________ External force energy must be transferred across the (a)__________ to effectively join with internal forces. Energy leaked due to unstable segments will limit internal force application, reducing external force.

Answer 77

Kinetic chain

Question 78

``` (a)____________ is achieved with the following variables: Mass of the object Height of the COG Line of gravitational pull Base of support ```

Answer 78

Stability

Question 79

The more central the______________ within the base of support, The more stable the object becomes. Migration of the_______________ outside the base of support results in a less stable subject. If the_______________ exceeds the outer limits of the base of support, the object will no longer be able to maintain stability.

Answer 79

Line of Gravity. | factors affecting stability

Question 80

The wider the base of support, the more (a)________ an object will become (e.g., brick lying flat vs. on its side)

Answer 80

a. stable

Question 81

Enhanced (a)_____________ is achieved when the width of the base of support is widest and in-line with the direction of the resistance

Answer 81

a. stability

Question 82

(a)________________is commonly employed during exercise when excessive resistance is used

Answer 82

Angular momentum

Question 83

Most often generated from hip extension or flexion to increase total force output Prime movers perform less work and experience reduced training stress compared to the employment of proper lifting technique

Answer 83

Angular momentum

Question 84

The body’s production of (a)_________ from rotational inertia requires a force proportionate to the angular momentum to stop the movement

Answer 84

a. Angular momentum

Question 85

Role of a muscle whose torque opposes a performed action

Answer 85

Antagonist

Question 86

Role of a muscle whose torque aids a performed action; referred to as the prime mover

Answer 86

Agonist

Question 87

One word fills in the blanks: The force production relationship between an agonist and antagonist muscle or group of muscles acting on a join is called_____________. When the agonist muscle group surpasses the antagonist muscle group’s ______________requirements, injuries will occur.

Answer 87

Strength balance