Monday 9/25/17 Chapter One textbook Bones Flashcards
The skeleton is comprised of two major components:
- A mineral component that provides rigidity
2. A protein component that makes it resistant to tension
Bone tissue is hardened by…
calcium salts, which represent ~98% of the calcium body storage
The skeleton consists of two segments:
- Axial skeleton - skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and rib cage
- Appendicular skeleton - the limbs and their respective girdles
Refer to Advanced Concepts of Personal Training Textbook pgs 1-2 for a detailed description of bone classifications.
Question fill in the blank:
a. Long bones are the _______and_________ of the body.
b. Short bones are the ________ and__________ of the body
a. arms and legs
b. hands and feet
One of the two components of bone composition: protein is an organic compound called (a)_________ that makes up (b)____% of bone. The other component; minerals make up (c)____%
a. collagen fiber
b. 33%(collagen fiber)
c. 67%(minerals)
Bone tissue is hardened by (a)_________ which represent (b)_______% of calcium storage in the body.
a. calcium salts
b. 98%
Bones are dynamic with a complex (a)_________ system.
a. Vascular (relating to blood vessels, blood cells.)
When extracellular calcium levels are too low, calcium is recruited from (a)___________ to other locations of the internal system based on need.
a. Bone storage
The process of reallocating calcium from bones to other parts of the internal system of the body is normal to maintain (a)__________
a. Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the maintenance of (a)___________________ conditions, such as (b)________ _____________ or the_____________ in (c)_______ _________ under___________ ______________ _________________
a. Stable internal physiological
b. Body temperature or the PH of blood
c. Higher animals under fluctuating environmental conditions.
Homeostasis is psychologically the process of maintaining a (a)________________ ______________ ________ under varying psychological pressures or stable social conditions in a group under varying social, environmental or political factors.
a. Stable psychological state
Osteopenia is (a)_____________, lower than normal peak BMD but a precursor to (b)________________
a. Bone mineral density
b. Osteoporosis
The skeleton is a system of levers, supportive structures and struts which allow the body to maintain (a)__________ ___________ (b)___________ _____________ (c)_____________ ____________ __________
a. Postural equilibrium
b. Perform movement
c. House vital organs
The skeleton consists of two segments:
1. The (a) ______ ___________ which consists of the skull, hyoid bond, vertebral column and rib cage.
- The (b)___________ ___________, which consists of the limbs and their respective girdles.
a. axial skeleton
b. appendicular skeleton
The unique shape of the vertebra (spiny cartilaginous segments) of short bones (hands and feet) are called (a)_____________
a. Irregular bones
Bones with a broad connective surface, like the scapulae (shoulder blade) are called (a)_________
a. flat bones
A vertebra is…
One of the bony or cartilaginous segments composing the spinal column - consisting in some lower vertebrates of several distinct elements which never become united, and in higher vertebrates having a short more or less cylindrical body whose ends articulate by pads of elastic or cartilaginous tissue with those of adjacent vertebrae and a bony arch that encloses the spinal cord
A scapula (plural scapulae) is…
Either of a pair of large triangular bones lying one in each dorsal lateral part of the thorax, being the principal bone of the corresponding half of the shoulder girdle, and articulating with the corresponding clavicle or coracoid — called also the shoulder blade
Long bones, are levers for bipedal movement, and located in the shaft or (a) __________ is an important marrow cavity where 2.5 million (b)_______ _________ _______ are formed every second
a. Diaphysis
b. Red blood cells
Short bones, make up the intricate formation of the hands, for the function of (a)_______ and feet, for (b)_______ _________
a. Dexterity (skill and ease)
b. Postural balance
Insertion sites of the rhomboids and pectoralis major on the sternum, are examples of (a)___________ allowing for broad muscular attachments used to support important force requirements.
a. flat bones
The larger one of either of the muscles that connect the ventral walls of the chest with the bones of the upper arm and shoulder of which in humans there are two on each side: The (a)_________ ____________
arises from the clavicle, the sternum, the cartilages of most or all of the ribs, and the aponeurosis of the (b)__________ muscle and is inserted by a strong flat tendon into the posterior bicipital ridge of the humerus
a. Pectoralis Major
b. External oblique
Aponeurosis is…
a broad flat sheet of dense fibrous collagenous connective tissue that covers, invests, and forms the terminations and attachments of various muscles
A humerus is…
the long bone of the upper arm or forelimb extending from the shoulder to the elbow
The skeleton begins as a cartilaginous structure and is replaced by bone through a maturation process called (a)____________
a. Ossification
Increases in bone mass (width or diameter) occur from the formation of new bone on the surface of existing bone tissue is called (a)_____________
a. Appositional growth
During normal maturation, the bone increases in (a)_______ and is remodeled by the (b)________ and (c)______________of bone
a. size
b. removal
c. replacement
Bone length is attributed to (a)______________ ______, where cartilage is ossified in the (b) __________ plates of long bones
a. Endochondral growth
b. Epiphyseal plates
As people age newly formed cartilage promotes growth that becomes bone, vertical growth stops when no new cartilage is formed and current cartilage becomes (a)_____________
a. Ossified
In most humans (a)____% of bone mass is reached by age 18.
a. 90%
The integrity of the bone is often measured by
(a) ________and (b) ______________
a. mass
b. density
(a)_______________ is an irreversible decrease in mineralized bony tissue.
a. Osteoporosis
Improvement in bone mineral density can be attained until age _____, at which time, genetics behavior and lifestyle become the primary factors dictating the rate of decline.
a. Thirty
One key factor in maintaining healthy bones is the application of (a)________ movement activities
a. resisted (resistance training)
The correlation between bone mineral density and the (a)___________ suggests that resistance training activity can benefit bone health maintenance for all age ranges and even older adults and children.
a. strength of the attached muscles
Low blood calcium is a condition called (a)___________
a. Hypoglycemia
Neuromuscular excitability causes (a)______ ________ and (a) ____________
a. Muscle spasms
b. Tetany
Tetany is …
a. a condition of physiological calcium imbalance marked by tonic spasm of muscles and often associated with deficient, parathyroid secretion
Any of usually four small endocrine glands that are adjacent to or embedded in the thyroid gland, are composed of irregularly arranged secretory epithelial cells lying in a stroma rich in capillaries, and produce parathyroid hormone, this is called the __________ _________.
a. Parathyroid gland
Abnormally high deposits of calcium phosphates in tissues leading to organ dysfunction and failure or high blood calcium is called (a) ____________
a. Hyperglycemia
A (a)____________is :
(1) salt or ester of a phosphoric acid
-an organic compound of phosphoric acid in which the acid group is bound to nitrogen or a carboxyl group in a way that permits -
useful energy to be released (as in metabolism)
a. phosphate
Calcium is so important for (a) ____________ ____________ activities and can cause unresponsive muscles, this can be life threatening when cardiac muscle activity is altered
a. Motor neuron
___________ means:
a :of, relating to, situated near, or acting on the heart
b :of or relating to the cardia of the stomach
Cardiac
The calcium levels of the extracellular fluids in the body are closely regulated by the (a)_____________
Endocrine system
Parathyroid hormones will cause increased intestinal absorption of calcium via activation of Vitamin D, tubular reabsorption of calcium from the kidneys, and release calcium and phosphate from bone tissue. This is called (a)________
a. Hypocalcemia
This condition suppresses parathyroid hormone activity and leads to the secretion of calcitonin, which reduces urinary excretion of calcium and stops calcium loss from the bone. This is called (a)._____________
a. Hypercalcemia
Prolonged dietary deficiency causes the calcium needs of the body to be met by (a)_____ calcium stores. which reduces bone mineral density.
a. bone
When reduction in bone mineral density paralleled with natural loss of bone mass that occurs after age 30, risk for ______ _________ increases dramatically. Women lose about 8% of bone mass, (men 3%) naturally per decade from the aging process.
a. bone disease
