Monday 9/25/17 Chapter One textbook Bones

Question 1

The skeleton is comprised of two major components:

Answer 1

1. A mineral component that provides rigidity

2. A protein component that makes it resistant to tension

Question 2

Bone tissue is hardened by…

Answer 2

calcium salts, which represent ~98% of the calcium body storage

Question 3

The skeleton consists of two segments:

Answer 3

1. Axial skeleton - skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and rib cage
2. Appendicular skeleton - the limbs and their respective girdles

Question 4

Refer to Advanced Concepts of Personal Training Textbook pgs 1-2 for a detailed description of bone classifications.

Question fill in the blank:

a. Long bones are the _______and_________ of the body.
b. Short bones are the ________ and__________ of the body

Answer 4

a. arms and legs

b. hands and feet

Question 5

One of the two components of bone composition: protein is an organic compound called (a)_________ that makes up (b)____% of bone. The other component; minerals make up (c)____%

Answer 5

a. collagen fiber
b. 33%(collagen fiber)
c. 67%(minerals)

Question 6

Bone tissue is hardened by (a)_________ which represent (b)_______% of calcium storage in the body.

Answer 6

a. calcium salts

b. 98%

Question 7

Bones are dynamic with a complex (a)_________ system.

Answer 7

a. Vascular (relating to blood vessels, blood cells.)

Question 8

When extracellular calcium levels are too low, calcium is recruited from (a)___________ to other locations of the internal system based on need.

Answer 8

a. Bone storage

Question 9

The process of reallocating calcium from bones to other parts of the internal system of the body is normal to maintain (a)__________

Answer 9

a. Homeostasis

Question 10

Homeostasis is the maintenance of (a)___________________ conditions, such as (b)________ _____________ or the_____________ in (c)_______ _________ under___________ ______________ _________________

Answer 10

a. Stable internal physiological
b. Body temperature or the PH of blood
c. Higher animals under fluctuating environmental conditions.

Question 11

Homeostasis is psychologically the process of maintaining a (a)________________ ______________ ________ under varying psychological pressures or stable social conditions in a group under varying social, environmental or political factors.

Answer 11

a. Stable psychological state

Question 12

Osteopenia is (a)_____________, lower than normal peak BMD but a precursor to (b)________________

Answer 12

a. Bone mineral density

b. Osteoporosis

Question 13

The skeleton is a system of levers, supportive structures and struts which allow the body to maintain (a)__________ ___________ (b)___________ _____________ (c)_____________ ____________ __________

Answer 13

a. Postural equilibrium
b. Perform movement
c. House vital organs

Question 14

The skeleton consists of two segments:
1. The (a) ______ ___________ which consists of the skull, hyoid bond, vertebral column and rib cage.

2. The (b)___________ ___________, which consists of the limbs and their respective girdles.

Answer 14

a. axial skeleton

b. appendicular skeleton

Question 15

The unique shape of the vertebra (spiny cartilaginous segments) of short bones (hands and feet) are called (a)_____________

Answer 15

a. Irregular bones

Question 16

Bones with a broad connective surface, like the scapulae (shoulder blade) are called (a)_________

Answer 16

a. flat bones

Question 17

A vertebra is…

Answer 17

One of the bony or cartilaginous segments composing the spinal column - consisting in some lower vertebrates of several distinct elements which never become united, and in higher vertebrates having a short more or less cylindrical body whose ends articulate by pads of elastic or cartilaginous tissue with those of adjacent vertebrae and a bony arch that encloses the spinal cord

Question 18

A scapula (plural scapulae) is…

Answer 18

Either of a pair of large triangular bones lying one in each dorsal lateral part of the thorax, being the principal bone of the corresponding half of the shoulder girdle, and articulating with the corresponding clavicle or coracoid — called also the shoulder blade

Question 19

Long bones, are levers for bipedal movement, and located in the shaft or (a) __________ is an important marrow cavity where 2.5 million (b)_______ _________ _______ are formed every second

Answer 19

a. Diaphysis

b. Red blood cells

Question 20

Short bones, make up the intricate formation of the hands, for the function of (a)_______ and feet, for (b)_______ _________

Answer 20

a. Dexterity (skill and ease)

b. Postural balance

Question 21

Insertion sites of the rhomboids and pectoralis major on the sternum, are examples of (a)___________ allowing for broad muscular attachments used to support important force requirements.

Answer 21

a. flat bones

Question 22

The larger one of either of the muscles that connect the ventral walls of the chest with the bones of the upper arm and shoulder of which in humans there are two on each side: The (a)_________ ____________
arises from the clavicle, the sternum, the cartilages of most or all of the ribs, and the aponeurosis of the (b)__________ muscle and is inserted by a strong flat tendon into the posterior bicipital ridge of the humerus

Answer 22

a. Pectoralis Major

b. External oblique

Question 23

Aponeurosis is…

Answer 23

a broad flat sheet of dense fibrous collagenous connective tissue that covers, invests, and forms the terminations and attachments of various muscles

Question 24

A humerus is…

Answer 24

the long bone of the upper arm or forelimb extending from the shoulder to the elbow

Question 25

The skeleton begins as a cartilaginous structure and is replaced by bone through a maturation process called (a)____________

Answer 25

a. Ossification

Question 26

Increases in bone mass (width or diameter) occur from the formation of new bone on the surface of existing bone tissue is called (a)_____________

Answer 26

a. Appositional growth

Question 27

During normal maturation, the bone increases in (a)_______ and is remodeled by the (b)________ and (c)______________of bone

Answer 27

a. size
b. removal
c. replacement

Question 28

Bone length is attributed to (a)______________ ______, where cartilage is ossified in the (b) __________ plates of long bones

Answer 28

a. Endochondral growth

b. Epiphyseal plates

Question 29

As people age newly formed cartilage promotes growth that becomes bone, vertical growth stops when no new cartilage is formed and current cartilage becomes (a)_____________

Answer 29

a. Ossified

Question 30

In most humans (a)____% of bone mass is reached by age 18.

Answer 30

a. 90%

Question 31

The integrity of the bone is often measured by

(a) ________and (b) ______________

Answer 31

a. mass

b. density

Question 32

(a)_______________ is an irreversible decrease in mineralized bony tissue.

Answer 32

a. Osteoporosis

Question 33

Improvement in bone mineral density can be attained until age _____, at which time, genetics behavior and lifestyle become the primary factors dictating the rate of decline.

Answer 33

a. Thirty

Question 34

One key factor in maintaining healthy bones is the application of (a)________ movement activities

Answer 34

a. resisted (resistance training)

Question 35

The correlation between bone mineral density and the (a)___________ suggests that resistance training activity can benefit bone health maintenance for all age ranges and even older adults and children.

Answer 35

a. strength of the attached muscles

Question 36

Low blood calcium is a condition called (a)___________

Answer 36

a. Hypoglycemia

Question 37

Neuromuscular excitability causes (a)______ ________ and (a) ____________

Answer 37

a. Muscle spasms

b. Tetany

Question 38

Tetany is …

Answer 38

a. a condition of physiological calcium imbalance marked by tonic spasm of muscles and often associated with deficient, parathyroid secretion

Question 39

Any of usually four small endocrine glands that are adjacent to or embedded in the thyroid gland, are composed of irregularly arranged secretory epithelial cells lying in a stroma rich in capillaries, and produce parathyroid hormone, this is called the __________ _________.

Answer 39

a. Parathyroid gland

Question 40

Abnormally high deposits of calcium phosphates in tissues leading to organ dysfunction and failure or high blood calcium is called (a) ____________

Answer 40

a. Hyperglycemia

Question 41

A (a)____________is :

(1) salt or ester of a phosphoric acid
-an organic compound of phosphoric acid in which the acid group is bound to nitrogen or a carboxyl group in a way that permits -
useful energy to be released (as in metabolism)

Answer 41

a. phosphate

Question 42

Calcium is so important for (a) ____________ ____________ activities and can cause unresponsive muscles, this can be life threatening when cardiac muscle activity is altered

Answer 42

a. Motor neuron

Question 43

___________ means:
a :of, relating to, situated near, or acting on the heart
b :of or relating to the cardia of the stomach

Answer 43

Cardiac

Question 44

The calcium levels of the extracellular fluids in the body are closely regulated by the (a)_____________

Answer 44

Endocrine system

Question 45

Parathyroid hormones will cause increased intestinal absorption of calcium via activation of Vitamin D, tubular reabsorption of calcium from the kidneys, and release calcium and phosphate from bone tissue. This is called (a)________

Answer 45

a. Hypocalcemia

Question 46

This condition suppresses parathyroid hormone activity and leads to the secretion of calcitonin, which reduces urinary excretion of calcium and stops calcium loss from the bone. This is called (a)._____________

Answer 46

a. Hypercalcemia

Question 47

Prolonged dietary deficiency causes the calcium needs of the body to be met by (a)_____ calcium stores. which reduces bone mineral density.

Answer 47

a. bone

Question 48

When reduction in bone mineral density paralleled with natural loss of bone mass that occurs after age 30, risk for ______ _________ increases dramatically. Women lose about 8% of bone mass, (men 3%) naturally per decade from the aging process.

Answer 48

a. bone disease