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Pharmacotherapy IV > Oncology - Wendt > Flashcards

Oncology - Wendt Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 hallmarks of cancer?

A
  • Sustain proliferative signaling
  • Evade growth suppressors
  • Replicative immortality
  • Resist cell death
  • Resist immune system
  • Deregulate cellular energetics
  • Angiogenesis
  • Ability to invade/metastasize
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2
Q

Cancer definition

A

Malignant neoplasm

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3
Q

Neoplasm definition

A

New growth, benign or malignant

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4
Q

Neoplasia definition

A

Process of expansion due to defects in the molecular controls that regulate cellular proliferation/death

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5
Q

Tumor definition

A

Lump or swelling

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6
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells

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7
Q

metaplasia

A

Substitution of one type of adult tissue to another type of adult tissue (ie epithelial cells are squamous not columnar)

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8
Q

Dysplasia

A

Loss of normal architecture (ie loss of layers)

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9
Q

Anaplasia

A

Loss of structural differentiation

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10
Q

Desmoplasia

A

Proliferation of connective tissues and cells

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11
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of epithelial cell origin

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12
Q

Adenoma

A

Epithelial neoplasm of glandular tissue

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13
Q

Papilloma

A

Benign tumor of surface epithelium in which neoplastic cells grow outward in finger-like stalks

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14
Q

Teratoma

A

Germ cell neoplasm made of different differentiated tissue types

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15
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant neoplasm iwth origin in mesenchymal tissue (soft tissue - muscle, fat, vessels, etc)

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16
Q

Lymphoma/leukemia

A

Malignant neoplasm of hematopoietic tissues

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17
Q

Blastoma

A

Malignancies in precursor cells (blasts)

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18
Q

Melanoma

A

Cancer of pigment proucing cells

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19
Q

Stages of cancer progression

A
  1. Cell w/mutation
  2. Hyperplasia
  3. Dysplasia
  4. In situa (cancer)
  5. Invasive cancer
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20
Q

____ is the most lethal aspect of cancer

A

Metastasis

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21
Q

Steps of metastasis

A
  1. Normal epithelium
  2. Dysplasia/adenoma
  3. Carcinoma in situ
  4. Invasive carcinoma
  5. Intravasation
  6. Extravasation
22
Q

Metastasis is a highly ____ process

A

inefficient (cells constantly have to adapt to survive in new locations in body)

23
Q

What is the seed and soil hypothesis?

A

Tumor cells have specific affinity for certain organs; metastases form only when seed/soil (cells/organs) are compatible

24
Q

What cells are in tumor?

A

Lots of non-cancer cells - lymphocytes, mast cells, endothelial cells, blood vessels, etc

25
Q

Normal epithelial tissue are very ____. Cancer tissue are same cells, but ____

A

organized

disorganized

26
Q

What are the stains used in epithelium staining?

A

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)

27
Q

Leukemia is cancer of _____ of hematopoietic origin

A

WBCs

28
Q

Hematopoiesis is cancer of ?

A

Blood cells - can be progenitors or differentiated cells (T lymphoytes, B lymphocytes, basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil, moncyte)

29
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

Cancer from lymph nodes

30
Q

What differentiates Hodgkin’s Lymphoma from Non-hodgkin’s?

A

presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

31
Q

Numerical staging system of carcinomas

A 
0: In situ, no local invasion
I: Microscopic invasion
II: 4-9 surround lymph nodes
III: 10+ surrounding lymph
IV: Distant metastases
32
Q

Numerical staging system is use for what type of tumors?

A

Solid tumors

33
Q

Numerical staging is based on what info?

A

Tumor size, location, number

34
Q

What is the TNM Staging System?

A

T - primary tumor (size/extent)
N - lymph node involvement
M - metastases (y/n)

35
Q

What are summary staging stages?

A

In situ - only in original layer of cells
Localized - organ in which it began only
Regional - Beyond primary site to nearby lymph nodes/tissues/organs
Distant - to distant tissues or organs or lymph nodes

36
Q

Difference b/w staging and grading?

A

Staging - based on size/extent/location of tumors

Grading - based on description of tumor tissue under microscope

37
Q

What is tumor grading?

A

Assessment of tissue differentiation (1 - well differentiated to 4 - undifferentiated)

38
Q

What is Rous Sarcoma Virus?

A

Virus that carries oncogene - when injected, it causes cancer!

39
Q

What gene does RSV cause the overexpression of?

A

Src - encodes a protein similar to eukaryotic that drive proliferation and tumor progression

40
Q

What are some other oncogenic viruses?

A 
HPV (cervical cancer)
EBV
KSHS
HBV (liver cancer) 
HCV (liver cancer)
SV40
Adenovirus
41
Q

What’s Her2?

A

Proto-oncogene found amplified in many breast cancers to drive proliferation

42
Q

What are tumor suppressor genes?

A

Genes that inhibit cancer formation - when inactivated can cause tumor progression/cell proliferation

43
Q

Are tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes more likely to drive therapy?

A

Oncogenes

44
Q

What is molecular pathology?

A

Looking at genetic pathology of tumors - like Her2 expression in breast cancer

45
Q

What is diagnostic molecular pathology?

A

Genomic DNA from lung cancer biopsied to determine particular mutations/genotypes that can drive therapy options (tumor DNA isolated and sequenced)

46
Q

What is prognostic molecular pathology?

A

Tumor genome biopsied and compared to known genes that are associated with increased metastasis rates within 5 years from previous patients

47
Q

What is oncotypeDx?

A

Used in prognostic molecular pathology - 21-gene comparison

48
Q

How does prognostic molecular pathology influence treatment?

A

Prevents overtreatment - but doesn’t influence indication/drug selection (ie may not need second round of chemo)

49
Q

T/F: Growth of the primary tumor is usually life-threatening

A

FALSE - usually metastasized tumors are life-threatening; primary tumors can grow for years before producing metastasis

50
Q

T/F: All metastasized tumors in a patient have the same genetic make-up

A

FALSE - Tumors mutate/adapt to survive in different tissues, so each can have different gene expression

51
Q

____ will cure cancer (not a drug)

A

PREVENTION

Pharmacotherapy IV (5 decks)

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