Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

chronic > oncology review > Flashcards

oncology review Flashcards

1
Q

cancer is the ___ leading cause of mortality in the US

A

2nd

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

neoplasia

A

any new or continued cell growth that occurs which is not necessary for normal development and replacement cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

characteristics of malignant cells

A 
demonstrate rapid cell division 
show anaplastic morphology
have a large nuclear cytoplasmic ratio
lose some  or all differentiated functions
adhere loosely together
able to migrate
grow by invasion
are not contact inhibited
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

MALIGNANT vs benign tumors

A 
rapid growth
not encapsulated
irregular shape
poorly differentiated cells
recurrence is common
harmful
variable prognosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

malignant vs BENIGN tumors

A 
slow growth 
encapsulated
round shape
differentiated cells
recurrence is unusual
less harmful
good prognosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

intrinsic risk factors for cancer

A

immune function (ie HIV)
age (the single most significant risk factor for cancer)
genetic predisposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

extrinsic risk factors for cancer

A

chemical carcinogens
physical carcinogens (radiation exposure-ionizing and UV)
viruses (oncoviruses-HBV & liver)
Dietary factors (excessive animal fats, red meats, nitrates, alcohol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reducing risk factors

A 
adopt a physically active lifestyle
maintain a healthful weight and diet
avoid tobacco products
wear sunscreen
avoid environmental exposures; asbestos, pesticides, etc
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

7 warning signs of cancer

A 
change in bowel/bladder habits
a sore that does not heal
unusual bleeding/discharge from body or orifice
thickening/lump in breast
ingestion/difficulty swallowing
obvious change in wart/mole 
nagging cough/hoarseness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

normal cell cycle

A 
mitotic phase 
gap 1 interphase
s phase
gap 2 
gap 0
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

mitotic phase

A

cell divides into 2 identical cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

gap 1 interphase

A

from end of mitosis to beginning of DNA synthesis “active state” RNA/Protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

S phase

A

synthesis of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Gap 2

A

premitotic phase, end of DNA synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gap 0

A

quiescent phase or resting phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

initiation

A

mutation occurs causing irreversible damage (carcinogen-chemicals, viruses, radiation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

promotion

A

promote or enhance; initiates cell growth, repeated exposure (smoking)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

progression

A

uncontrolled growth of cancer growth, need for TAF (tumor angiogenesis factor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

metastasis

A

cancer cells move from their original location and establish remote colonies (cancer still named after primary site of invasion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

routes for metastatic spread

A

direct invasion
local seeding
blood borne metastasis
lymphatic spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

local seeding

A

distribution of shed cancer cells in local are of primary tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

blood borne metastasis

A

most common route of spread; tumor cells are released into the blood and travel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

lymphatic spread

A

primary site that has many lymph nodes proximal to tumor, tumor cells are released into the lymphatic system and spread

24
Q

grading

A

rates tumor cells according to cellular characteristic (G1-G4)

25
Q

Staging

A

TNM determines cancers location and degree of metastasis at diagnosis for treatment and diagnostic purposes

26
Q

current cancer treatments

A 
surgery 
radiation therapy
chemotherapy
hormone therapy
immunotherapy/biotherapy
27
Q

goals of treatment

A

cure/control
adjuvant
palliative

28
Q

cure/control

A

removal of all cancer from the body - varies for different cancers

29
Q

adjuvant

A

treatment administered in conjunction with other treatment with the goal of destroying micro-metastasis

30
Q

palliative

A

relieving symptoms

31
Q

considerations for treatment

A

type of tumor
location of tumor
rate of growth
stage, size, metastasis

32
Q

criteria for radiation

A
  • must be rapidly dividing
  • tissue of origination must be sensitive
  • degree of cell differentiation, rate of mitosis, degree of oxygenation/vascularization are all considered
  • used for primary, adjuvant, or palliative therapy
33
Q

types of radiation

A

internal (brachytherapy, radiopharmaceutical)

external beam

34
Q

brachytherapy

A

(implants) uses sealed sources to place radioactive material close to tumor for 1-3 days (prostate, cervical, breast cancers)

35
Q

radiopharmaceutical therapy

A

radioactive material is given by injection or ingestion (thyroid cancers)

36
Q

external beam

A

initial stimulation (placement of tattoo/dye markings)
session take about 30 minutes
usually given in daily “fractions” based on the phase of cells

37
Q

side effects of radiation

A 
(often dependent on the site of radiation)
fatigue
GI reactions
myelosuppression
alopecia
respiratory complications
sexual problems
skin (limited to tissue directly exposed to radiation)
38
Q

growth fraction

chemotherapy

A

ratio of cells in growth vs resting

39
Q

increased percentage of cells in growth phase

A

high growth fraction

chemo is generally more toxic to tissue that have a high growth fraction

40
Q

solid tumors

chemotherapy

A

generally have a low growth fraction

41
Q

disseminated cancer

A

generally have a high growth fraction

42
Q

tissues with high growth fraction

A

bone marrow
hair follicles
GI Epithelium
Sperm forming cells

43
Q

effects of chemotherapy on hair follicles

A

alopecia

44
Q

effects of chemotherapy on GI epithelium

A

n/v, anorexia, diarrhea, stomatitis (mouth inflammation)

45
Q

effects of chemotherapy on sperm forming cells

A

decreased fertility

46
Q

effects of chemotherapy on bone marrow

A

myelosuppression (depression of bone marrow which produces red blood cells)

47
Q

meds to treat chemo causing n/v/diarrhea

A

antiemetics as ordered- zofran (ondansetron), anzemet (dolasetron)
also used: decadron (glucocorticoid), ativan (sedative), marino (marijuana)

48
Q

myelosuppression affects

A

all cells
erythrocytes (anemia)
thrombocytes (thrombocytopenia)
leukocytes (leukopenia)

49
Q

greatest effects of chemo

A

7-10 days following treatment (outpatient)

hospitalization for side effects not treatment of chemo

50
Q

interventions for anemia

A

monitor Hgb, Hct,

transfuse if Hgb

51
Q

Interventions for thrombocytopenia

A

Monitor thrombocytes 150,000 to 400,000
Transfuse platelets less than 10,000 to 20,000
Monitor for bleeding (gums, epistaxis, hematuria, melena, spontaneous bruising, ecchymosis)
Avoid injections (apply pressure if injection is given)
Avoid rectal temps/trauma

52
Q

Interventions for leukopenia

A

Monitor wbc’s 5000 to 10,000
Determine ANC = absolute neutrophil count
ANC= WBC x %Neutrophils + %Bands/100

53
Q

Neutropenic precautions

A

Initiate precautions for ANC less than 1000
Private room keep door closed
Restrict visitors (no kids less than 12, Persons with cold, URIs etc)
Meticulous hand washing
Monitor temp Q4 hours
Notify Dr. for a temp greater than 101
Avoid rectal temps, exams, or enemas
Teach patients not to floss
Inspect orifices or signs of breakdown or superinfection

54
Q

Management of oral candidiasis (thrush)

A

Medications include Diflucan (fluconazole), Mycostatin (nystatin), baking soda rinses or saline rinses

55
Q

Biologic therapy

A

Agents that alters the response of the host to the tumor cells; example into look into stimulates T and B cells and activate NK cells

chronic (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions