chronic exam 1-fluid imbalance

Question 1

most at risk for fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalance

Answer 1

infants
severely ill adults
disoriented or immobile clients
elderly

Question 2

% of adult body weight consisted of fluids

Answer 2

55-60%

Question 3

intracellular fluids:
constitutes ____% of body weight
provides cells with…

Answer 3

40% of body weight

provides cells with internal aqueous medium necessary for chemical functions

Question 4

extracellular fluid:
constitutes ___% of body weight
Serves as….

Answer 4

15-20% of body weight
serves as body’s transportation system, carrying electrolytes, nutrients, oxygen, and water to cells and removing products

Question 5

extracellular fluid consists of

Answer 5

interstitial fluid (fluid found in the tissues)
intravascular fluid (blood)

Question 6

filtration

Answer 6

movement of fluid through a membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure differences

Question 7

diffusion

Answer 7

process by which SOLID, PARTICULATE MATTER moves from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration

Question 8

osmosis

Answer 8

process by which a solvent (water) moves through a semi-permeable membrane from a solution of lower concentration to higher concentration

Question 9

active transport

Answer 9

movement of materials across the cell membrane by the use of metabolic activity and energy expenditure

Question 10

fluid intake:
regulated by…
thirst is stimulated by…
water acquired from…

Answer 10

regulated primarily thirst mechanism in hypothalamus
thirst stimulated by by increase serum osmolarity and decreased blood volume
water acquired from food and oxidation of food during digestion

Question 11

fluid losses occur through

Answer 11

Kidneys (1cc per minute)
GI tract (100cc in 24 hours)
Skin via sweat
Lungs (400cc in 24 hours)

Question 12

aldosterone

Answer 12

mineralcorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex
causes kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and excrete K+
increased Na+ causes increased H2O retention

Question 13

ADH

Answer 13

released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary in response to stimulation from the hypothalamus
increase reabsorption of H2O by the kidney tubules
ADH releas is increased with a decrease in the body’d fluid volume

Question 14

causes of fluid deficit

Answer 14

prolonged vomiting, diarrhea
hemorrhage
wound/fistula drainage
burn exudate
diuretic therapy
Diabetes Insipidus, Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Question 15

fluid deficit assessment findings

Answer 15

dry skin and mucous membranes
poor skin turgor
coated tongue
Low BP, tachycardia 
collapsed veins, weak pulses
oliguria (decreased urine output)
lethargy
thirst 
fever

Question 16

fluid deficit lab findings

Answer 16

increased Hgb and Hct
Increased BUN
Increased specific gravity
increased serum osmolarity

Question 17

causes of fluid excess

Answer 17

increased ingestion
decreased excretion of water
renal failure
inability of heart to circulate fluids (to maintain renal perfusion) as occurs with CHF

Question 18

fluid excess assessment findings

Answer 18

generalized edema (anasarca)
weight gain
crackles/rales
bounding pulse
distended neck veins
headache
decreased orientation
visual changes
seizure, coma
low serum sodium level

Question 19

fluid excess lab findings

Answer 19

Decreased Hgb and Hct
Decreased BUN
Decreased specific gravity
Decreased serum osmolarity