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Nursing 265 > Oncology/Hematology > Flashcards

Oncology/Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Biggest concerns for scraping bone marrow for HSCT

A

bleeding and sepsis

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2
Q

Benign tumor characteristics

A

Distinct appearance, orderly growth

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3
Q

The single most important risk factor for cancer is..

A

growing older

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4
Q

Cancer staging acronym

A

TNM

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5
Q

T (TNM)

A

Tumor size (not measurements)

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6
Q

N (TNM)

A

Lymph Node Involvement

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7
Q

M (TNM)

A

Metastisis

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8
Q

Cancer Grading is used for..

A

how closely the cells look like the parent cell, how well it is differentiated

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9
Q

G1 & G2 grading

A

well differentiated, tumors tend to grow and spread slowly

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10
Q

G3 & G4 grading

A

do not look like normal cells; grow rapidly and spread faster (poorly or undifferentiated

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11
Q

Purpose of radiation therapy for cancer

A

to destroy cancel cells with minimal exposure of the normal cells to the damaging actions of radiation

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12
Q

Teletherapy

A

source is external; the patient is NOT radioactive; patient is NOT hazardous to others

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13
Q

Teaching for external radiation therapy regarding sun

A

No direct sun exposure during treatment or for 1 year after

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14
Q

Brachytherapy

A

radiation source is inside the patient; Patient emits radiation; patient IS radioactive until it’s removed

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15
Q

If the radiation is expelled through the waste…

A

the waste is radioactive

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16
Q

Antineoplastic medications are

A

anything used to treat the cancer

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17
Q

Chemotherapy can only be given by

A

RN’s who have completed the approved chemotherapy program

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18
Q

Extravastation

A

when an IV antineoplastic infiltrates and leaks into surrounding tissue.

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19
Q

Most important topic for extravastation

A

PREVENTION

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20
Q

Priority for Chemo-Induced Nausea and Vomiting

A

adequate control of N/V

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21
Q

Anzemet is an

A

antiemetic

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22
Q

Nadir WBC count

A

lowest 7-10 days post chemo (infection)

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23
Q

Nadir Platelet count

A

lowest 7-10 days post chemo (bleeding)

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24
Q

Nadir RBC count

A

lowest 2-3 months post chemo (fatigue)

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25
WBC count (normal)
4-11K
26
RBC (normal)
4.5-5.5 mil
27
Platelet (normal)
150-400K
28
Hemoglobin (normal)
12-18
29
Hematocrit (normal)
40-45%
30
Potassium (normal)
3.5-5
31
Sodium (normal)
135-145
32
Calcium (normal)
9-11
33
Phosphorus (normal)
2.8-4.5
34
Magnesium (normal)
1.5-2.5
35
PT (normal)
10-14 seconds
36
INR (normal)
0.9-1.1 seconds
37
PTT (normal)
24-36 seconds
38
Priority for Chemo-Related Bone Marrow Suppression
Anemia, thrombocytopenia, impaired immunity
39
Priority for Chemo-related Renal Impairment
monitor lab values
40
Priority for CI Cardiac Toxicity
monitor ejection fraction and signs of heart failure
41
Priority for CI Peripheral Neuropathy
Prevent injury
42
PPE for handling oral chemotherapy medication
eye protection; mask; double glove (chemo glove); gown
43
Prevention of Graft-Vs-Host Disease in HSCT
immunosuppressives
44
Immunosuppressives
cyclosporine (Sandimmune); methotrexate; tacrolimus (Prograf); mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)
45
Engraftment Syndrome during HSCT
noninfectious fever; skin rash; weight gain
46
Complication of Radiation-Associated Impairment of Skin Integrity
erythematous (redness of skin) and wet desquamation
47
Early signs of thrombocytopenia
Petechiae and ecchymosis
48
Superior Vena Cava Syndrom
Medical emergency; SVC is compressed/obstructed by tumor
49
S/S of SVC syndrome
severe dyspnea; "Stokes" Collar; stuffiness; flushed face
50
Cause of hypercalcemia in cancer patients
cancer secretes parathyroid hormone; which causes bones to release calcium
51
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
When a large number of malignant cells are destroyed rapidly and released faster than the body can eliminate them.
52
Lab values for Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Hyperphosphatemia (above 4.5); Hypocalcemia (below 9); Hyperkalemia (above 5); hyperuricemia (below 6)
53
Uric Acid (normal)
2.4-7
54
ANC (normal)
3000-6000
55
Iron (normal))
60-170
56
Fibrinogen (normal)
130-330
57
Reticulocyte Count is
body's production of immature red blood cells
58
Good sources of iron
lean red meat; chicken/fish; vitamin c foods; beans; baked potatoes; cashews; dark leafy greens
59
Sources of folate
Legumes; Asparagus. Eggs. ...Leafy Greens. ...Beets. ...Citrus Fruits. ...Brussels Sprouts. ...Broccoli.
60
Iron Deficiency Anemia
intake of iron is inadequate for hemoglobin synthesis
61
Most common anemia in the world
iron deficiency anemia
62
Pica means
craving ice, starch or dirt
63
Anemia of Inflammation
caused by chronic diseases of inflammation, infection and malignancy
64
Aplastic Anemia
Caused by decrease or damage to bone marrow; severe neutropenia, severe thrombocytopenia, pantocytopenia
65
Treatment for Aplastic Anemia
HSCT, immunosuppressive therapy
66
Megaloblastic Anemia
caused by Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency, erythrocytes are abnormally large; lemon-yellow skin in causcasians
67
Folic Acid deficiency
causes weakness, numbness, mouth ulcers
68
Pernicious Anemia
absence of intrinsic factor
69
In folic acid deficiency and vitamin b12 deficiency, neurologic symptoms...
require long-time for recovery but patient may never recover
70
hemolytic anemias
anemias caused by RBC destruction
71
Sickle Cell Disease is
inherited
72
Sickle Cell Crisis
RBCs get "stuck" in blood vessels
73
Acute Vaso-Occlusive Crisis
most common; very painful; tissue hypoxia; inflammation; necrosis
74
Triggers for AVOSCC
high altitudes; changes in temperature; illness; dehydration; stress
75
Priority for AVO SCC
pain control (scheduled IV); circulation
76
Diagnostic findings for Sickle Cell Disease
appearance of sickled cells; increased WBC; Increased platelets
77
Immune Hemolytic Anemia needs transfused slowly due to
risk of hemolytic reaction
78
Neutropenia (count)
ANC less than 2000
79
Thrombocytopenia
Low platelet count
80
Thrombocytopenia S/S
petechiae, bleeding
81
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) is treated with
steroids and platelets, not until bleeding is severe or platelet count is less than 30,000
82
Hemophilia
hemorrhages into various body parts (mostly joints); genetic
83
Patients with hemophilia need this before any surgical procedure
Factor replacement
84
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Extensive abnormal clotting through small blood vessels; Uses up existing clotting factors/platelets; results in extensive bleeding from many sites
85
DIC S/S
strokelike s/s; dyspnea; tachycardia; decreased kidney function
86
Blood values for DIC
PTT-high, PT-high; platelet-low, fibrinogen-low
87
Foods high in Vitamin K
cooked spinach, broccoli, kale, lettuce, cabbage, brussel sprouts
88
Leukemia
persistent leukocytosis
89
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
occurs in 40s; fever/infection/weakness/pallor
90
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
Chronic adult
91
Acute Lymphotic Leukemia (ALL)
all children get ALL
92
Chronic Lymphotic Leukemia (CLL)
common of older adults, vietnam vets exposed to Agent Orange DEATH
93
Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
dysplasia of one or more cell lines, affected cells do not function normally
94
MDS labs
decreased leukocytes; decreased platelets; low reticulocyte count
95
Polycythemia Vera
Bone marrow is hypercellular; increased erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets "too much, too thick"
96
Death from Polycythemia Vera results from
thrombosis or hemorrhage, too much blood and too thick
97
Essential Thrombocythemia risk of
bleeding
98
Hodgkin Lymphoma
high cure rate; initiates in a single node, spreads along lymphatic system
99
Hallmark of Hodgkin Lymphoma
Reed-Sternberg Cell (gigantic tumor cell)
100
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
involves malignant B lymphocytes; spread is unpredictable; multiple lymph node sites may be infiltrrated
101
Multiple Myeloma
disease of plasma cell, produces increased number of specific immunoglobulins that are nonfunctional
102
Evidence of organ damage in Multiple Myeloma (CRAB)
elevated calcium; renal insufficiency; anemia; bone lesions
103
Older adult with back pain and elevated total protein?
suspect multiple myeloma
104
Polycythemia means
too many RBCs
105
Secondary cause of polycythemia
anything affecting oxygen consumption (smoking, COPD, high altitudes)
106
AML hallmark diagnostic
Bone marrow over 20% blast cells (immature leukocytes)
107
CML S/S
bone pain/fevers/weight loss/enlarged spleen

Nursing 265 (4 decks)

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