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Nursing 265 > Oncology/Hematology > Flashcards

Oncology/Hematology Flashcards

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1
Q

Biggest concerns for scraping bone marrow for HSCT

A

bleeding and sepsis

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2
Q

Benign tumor characteristics

A

Distinct appearance, orderly growth

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3
Q

The single most important risk factor for cancer is..

A

growing older

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4
Q

Cancer staging acronym

A

TNM

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5
Q

T (TNM)

A

Tumor size (not measurements)

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6
Q

N (TNM)

A

Lymph Node Involvement

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7
Q

M (TNM)

A

Metastisis

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8
Q

Cancer Grading is used for..

A

how closely the cells look like the parent cell, how well it is differentiated

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9
Q

G1 & G2 grading

A

well differentiated, tumors tend to grow and spread slowly

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10
Q

G3 & G4 grading

A

do not look like normal cells; grow rapidly and spread faster (poorly or undifferentiated

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11
Q

Purpose of radiation therapy for cancer

A

to destroy cancel cells with minimal exposure of the normal cells to the damaging actions of radiation

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12
Q

Teletherapy

A

source is external; the patient is NOT radioactive; patient is NOT hazardous to others

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13
Q

Teaching for external radiation therapy regarding sun

A

No direct sun exposure during treatment or for 1 year after

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14
Q

Brachytherapy

A

radiation source is inside the patient; Patient emits radiation; patient IS radioactive until it’s removed

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15
Q

If the radiation is expelled through the waste…

A

the waste is radioactive

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16
Q

Antineoplastic medications are

A

anything used to treat the cancer

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17
Q

Chemotherapy can only be given by

A

RN’s who have completed the approved chemotherapy program

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18
Q

Extravastation

A

when an IV antineoplastic infiltrates and leaks into surrounding tissue.

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19
Q

Most important topic for extravastation

A

PREVENTION

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20
Q

Priority for Chemo-Induced Nausea and Vomiting

A

adequate control of N/V

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21
Q

Anzemet is an

A

antiemetic

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22
Q

Nadir WBC count

A

lowest 7-10 days post chemo (infection)

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23
Q

Nadir Platelet count

A

lowest 7-10 days post chemo (bleeding)

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24
Q

Nadir RBC count

A

lowest 2-3 months post chemo (fatigue)

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25
Q

WBC count (normal)

A

4-11K

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26
Q

RBC (normal)

A

4.5-5.5 mil

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27
Q

Platelet (normal)

A

150-400K

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28
Q

Hemoglobin (normal)

A

12-18

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29
Q

Hematocrit (normal)

A

40-45%

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30
Q

Potassium (normal)

A

3.5-5

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31
Q

Sodium (normal)

A

135-145

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32
Q

Calcium (normal)

A

9-11

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33
Q

Phosphorus (normal)

A

2.8-4.5

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34
Q

Magnesium (normal)

A

1.5-2.5

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35
Q

PT (normal)

A

10-14 seconds

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36
Q

INR (normal)

A

0.9-1.1 seconds

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37
Q

PTT (normal)

A

24-36 seconds

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38
Q

Priority for Chemo-Related Bone Marrow Suppression

A

Anemia, thrombocytopenia, impaired immunity

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39
Q

Priority for Chemo-related Renal Impairment

A

monitor lab values

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40
Q

Priority for CI Cardiac Toxicity

A

monitor ejection fraction and signs of heart failure

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41
Q

Priority for CI Peripheral Neuropathy

A

Prevent injury

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42
Q

PPE for handling oral chemotherapy medication

A

eye protection; mask; double glove (chemo glove); gown

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43
Q

Prevention of Graft-Vs-Host Disease in HSCT

A

immunosuppressives

44
Q

Immunosuppressives

A

cyclosporine (Sandimmune); methotrexate; tacrolimus (Prograf); mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)

45
Q

Engraftment Syndrome during HSCT

A

noninfectious fever; skin rash; weight gain

46
Q

Complication of Radiation-Associated Impairment of Skin Integrity

A

erythematous (redness of skin) and wet desquamation

47
Q

Early signs of thrombocytopenia

A

Petechiae and ecchymosis

48
Q

Superior Vena Cava Syndrom

A

Medical emergency; SVC is compressed/obstructed by tumor

49
Q

S/S of SVC syndrome

A

severe dyspnea; “Stokes” Collar; stuffiness; flushed face

50
Q

Cause of hypercalcemia in cancer patients

A

cancer secretes parathyroid hormone; which causes bones to release calcium

51
Q

Tumor Lysis Syndrome

A

When a large number of malignant cells are destroyed rapidly and released faster than the body can eliminate them.

52
Q

Lab values for Tumor Lysis Syndrome

A

Hyperphosphatemia (above 4.5); Hypocalcemia (below 9); Hyperkalemia (above 5); hyperuricemia (below 6)

53
Q

Uric Acid (normal)

A

2.4-7

54
Q

ANC (normal)

A

3000-6000

55
Q

Iron (normal))

A

60-170

56
Q

Fibrinogen (normal)

A

130-330

57
Q

Reticulocyte Count is

A

body’s production of immature red blood cells

58
Q

Good sources of iron

A

lean red meat; chicken/fish; vitamin c foods; beans; baked potatoes; cashews; dark leafy greens

59
Q

Sources of folate

A

Legumes; Asparagus. Eggs. …Leafy Greens. …Beets. …Citrus Fruits. …Brussels Sprouts. …Broccoli.

60
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia

A

intake of iron is inadequate for hemoglobin synthesis

61
Q

Most common anemia in the world

A

iron deficiency anemia

62
Q

Pica means

A

craving ice, starch or dirt

63
Q

Anemia of Inflammation

A

caused by chronic diseases of inflammation, infection and malignancy

64
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

Caused by decrease or damage to bone marrow; severe neutropenia, severe thrombocytopenia, pantocytopenia

65
Q

Treatment for Aplastic Anemia

A

HSCT, immunosuppressive therapy

66
Q

Megaloblastic Anemia

A

caused by Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency, erythrocytes are abnormally large; lemon-yellow skin in causcasians

67
Q

Folic Acid deficiency

A

causes weakness, numbness, mouth ulcers

68
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

absence of intrinsic factor

69
Q

In folic acid deficiency and vitamin b12 deficiency, neurologic symptoms…

A

require long-time for recovery but patient may never recover

70
Q

hemolytic anemias

A

anemias caused by RBC destruction

71
Q

Sickle Cell Disease is

A

inherited

72
Q

Sickle Cell Crisis

A

RBCs get “stuck” in blood vessels

73
Q

Acute Vaso-Occlusive Crisis

A

most common; very painful; tissue hypoxia; inflammation; necrosis

74
Q

Triggers for AVOSCC

A

high altitudes; changes in temperature; illness; dehydration; stress

75
Q

Priority for AVO SCC

A

pain control (scheduled IV); circulation

76
Q

Diagnostic findings for Sickle Cell Disease

A

appearance of sickled cells; increased WBC; Increased platelets

77
Q

Immune Hemolytic Anemia needs transfused slowly due to

A

risk of hemolytic reaction

78
Q

Neutropenia (count)

A

ANC less than 2000

79
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelet count

80
Q

Thrombocytopenia S/S

A

petechiae, bleeding

81
Q

Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) is treated with

A

steroids and platelets, not until bleeding is severe or platelet count is less than 30,000

82
Q

Hemophilia

A

hemorrhages into various body parts (mostly joints); genetic

83
Q

Patients with hemophilia need this before any surgical procedure

A

Factor replacement

84
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A

Extensive abnormal clotting through small blood vessels; Uses up existing clotting factors/platelets; results in extensive bleeding from many sites

85
Q

DIC S/S

A

strokelike s/s; dyspnea; tachycardia; decreased kidney function

86
Q

Blood values for DIC

A

PTT-high, PT-high; platelet-low, fibrinogen-low

87
Q

Foods high in Vitamin K

A

cooked spinach, broccoli, kale, lettuce, cabbage, brussel sprouts

88
Q

Leukemia

A

persistent leukocytosis

89
Q

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

A

occurs in 40s; fever/infection/weakness/pallor

90
Q

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)

A

Chronic adult

91
Q

Acute Lymphotic Leukemia (ALL)

A

all children get ALL

92
Q

Chronic Lymphotic Leukemia (CLL)

A

common of older adults, vietnam vets exposed to Agent Orange DEATH

93
Q

Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)

A

dysplasia of one or more cell lines, affected cells do not function normally

94
Q

MDS labs

A

decreased leukocytes; decreased platelets; low reticulocyte count

95
Q

Polycythemia Vera

A

Bone marrow is hypercellular; increased erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets “too much, too thick”

96
Q

Death from Polycythemia Vera results from

A

thrombosis or hemorrhage, too much blood and too thick

97
Q

Essential Thrombocythemia risk of

A

bleeding

98
Q

Hodgkin Lymphoma

A

high cure rate; initiates in a single node, spreads along lymphatic system

99
Q

Hallmark of Hodgkin Lymphoma

A

Reed-Sternberg Cell (gigantic tumor cell)

100
Q

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

A

involves malignant B lymphocytes; spread is unpredictable; multiple lymph node sites may be infiltrrated

101
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

disease of plasma cell, produces increased number of specific immunoglobulins that are nonfunctional

102
Q

Evidence of organ damage in Multiple Myeloma (CRAB)

A

elevated calcium; renal insufficiency; anemia; bone lesions

103
Q

Older adult with back pain and elevated total protein?

A

suspect multiple myeloma

104
Q

Polycythemia means

A

too many RBCs

105
Q

Secondary cause of polycythemia

A

anything affecting oxygen consumption (smoking, COPD, high altitudes)

106
Q

AML hallmark diagnostic

A

Bone marrow over 20% blast cells (immature leukocytes)

107
Q

CML S/S

A

bone pain/fevers/weight loss/enlarged spleen

Nursing 265 (4 decks)

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