Oncology: General Overview

Question 1

General Signs and Symptoms of Cancer: CAUTION

Answer 1

C- change in bowel/bladder routine
A- A sore that will not heal
U- Unusual bleeding/discharge
T- Thickening/lump develops
I- Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O- Obvious change in wart/mole
N- Nagging cough/hoarseness

Question 2

Primary Prevention

Answer 2

Screening high risk population
Elimination of modifiable risk factors
Natural agents to prevent cancer
Cancer vaccine

Question 3

Secondary Prevention

Answer 3

Early detection
Selective preventative pharmacological agents (Tamoxifen)
Multifactorial risk reduction

Question 4

Tertiary Prevention

Answer 4

Prevent disability that can occur secondary to cancer and its treatment
Manage symptoms
Limit complications

Question 5

Epithelium Tumor Classification

Answer 5

Carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

Question 6

Pigmented Cells Tumor Classfication

Answer 6

Malignant melanoma

Question 7

Connective Tissues Tumor Classfication

Answer 7

Sarcomas

Question 8

Nerve Tissue Tumor Classification

Answer 8

Astrocytoma
Glioma
Neurilemma Sarcoma
Neuroblastoma
Retinoblastoma

Question 9

Lymphoid Tissue Tumor Classification

Answer 9

Lymphoma

Question 10

Hematopoietic Tissue Tumor Classification

Answer 10

Leukemia
Myelodysplasia
Myeloproliferative syndromes
Multiple myeloma

Question 11

TNM Staging

Answer 11

T- size and extent of primary tumor
N- lymph node involvement
M- Presence of metastasis

Question 12

Stage: Early malignancy that is present only in the layer of cells in which it began. For most cancers, this is referred to as carcinoma in situ

Answer 12

Stage 0

Question 13

Stage: Malignancy limited to the tissue with no lymph node involvement or metastasis

Answer 13

Stage I

Question 14

Stage: Malignancy spreading into adjacent tissues; lymph nodes may show signs of micrometastases

Answer 14

Stage II

Question 15

Stage: Malignancy that has spread to adjacent tissue showing signs of fixation to deep structures. Lymph node involvement is high.

Answer 15

Stage III

Question 16

Stage: Malignancy that has metastasized beyond the primary site

Answer 16

Stage IV

Question 17

Adjuvant

Answer 17

Treatment provided, in addition to other cure interventions, with the intention of preventing cancer recurrence

Question 18

Differentiated cells

Answer 18

Cells that have matured from less specific to a more specific cell type

Question 19

Dysplasia

Answer 19

Abnormal development of cells or tissue that is often an early sign of neoplasia

Question 20

Hyperplasia

Answer 20

increase in cell number that may be normal or abnormal depending on additional characteristics

Question 21

Metaplasia

Answer 21

A change in a cell from one type to another that may be normal or abnormal

Question 22

Neoadjuvant

Answer 22

Chemotherapy or radiation given prior to surgical oncology intervention

Question 23

Undifferentiated cells

Answer 23

Cells which have not differentiated into a specific type (e.g. primitive, embryonic) or have no special structure or function