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NPTE Topics > Endocrine System: General Overview > Flashcards

Endocrine System: General Overview Flashcards

1
Q

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

A

Hypothalamus: Increases the release of growth hormone

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2
Q

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

A

Hypothalamus: Decreases the release of growth hormone

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3
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

Hypothalamus: Increases the release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

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4
Q

Thyrotrophin-releasing hormone

A

Hypothalamus: Increases the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone

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5
Q

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

A

Hypothalamus: Increases the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone

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6
Q

Prolactin-releasing hormone

A

Hypothalamus: Stimulates release of prolactin

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7
Q

Prolactin-inhibitory factor; dopamine

A

Hypothalamus: Decreases the release of prolactin

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8
Q

Growth hormone

A

Pituitary: Promotes growth and development; increases the rate of protein synthesis

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9
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone

A

Pituitary: Promotes follicular development and the creation of estrogen in females; promotes spermatogenesis in males

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10
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

Pituitary: Promotes ovulation along with estrogen/progesterone synthesis from the corpus luteum in females; promotes testosterone synthesis in males

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11
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

Pituitary: Increases the synthesis of thyroid hormones T3 and T4

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12
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Pituitary: Increases cortisol synthesis (adrenal steroids)

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13
Q

Prolactin

A

Pituitary: Allows for process of laction

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14
Q

Oxytocin

A

Pituitary: Increase contraction of uterine muscles; promotes release of milk from mammary glands
Regulation of Secretion: Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus; stretching of cervix; nipple stimulation

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15
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Pituitary: Increases water reabsorption; conserves water; increases blood pressure through stimulating contraction of muscles in small arteries
Regulation of Secretion: Decreased water content

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16
Q

Androgen

A

Adrenal Cortex: Increases masculinization; promotes growth of pubic hair in males and females
Regulation of Secretion: Influenced by release of GnRH and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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17
Q

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)

A

Adrenal Cortex: Increases reabsorption of sodium ions by the kidneys to the blood; increase excretion of potassium ions by the kidney into the urine
Regulation of Secretion: Low blood sodium level; high blood potassium

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18
Q

Cortisol (glucocorticoid)

A

Adrenal Cortex: Influences metabolism of food molecules; anti-inflammatory effect in large amounts
Regulation of Secretion: Adrenocorticotropic hormone

19
Q

Epinephrine

A

Adrenal Medulla: Increases HR and force on contraction; increases energy production; vasodilation in skeletal muscle
Regulation of Secretion: Sympathetic impulses from the hypothalamus in stress situations

20
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Adrenal Medulla: Vasoconstriction in skin, viscera, and skeletal muscles
Regulation of Secretion: Sympathetic impulses from the hypothalamus in stress situations

21
Q

Estrogen, progesterone

A

Ovaries: Involved in regulation of the female reproductive system and female sexual characteristics
Regulation of Secretion: Cyclical rise and fall of hormone levels

22
Q

Glucagon

A

Pancreas: Increases blood glucose by stimulating the conversion of glycogen to glucose
Regulation of Secretion: Hypoglycemia

23
Q

Insulin

A

Pancreas: Decreases blood glucose and increases the storage of fat, protein, and carbohydrates
Regulation of Secretion: Hyperglycemia

24
Q

Parathormone

A

Parathyroid: Increase blood calcium

Regulation of Secretion: Hypocalcemia

25
Q

Testosterone

A

Testes: Involved in the process of spermatogenesis and male sexual characteristics
Regulation of Secretion: Influenced by pituitary release of LH

26
Q

Thyroxine (T4), and Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

Thyroid: Involved with normal development; increases cellular level metabolism
Regulation of Secretion: Thyroid-stimulating hormone

27
Q

Calcitonin

A

Thyroid: Increases calcium storage in bone; decreases blood calcium levels
Regulation of Secretion: Hypercalcemia

28
Q

Hypofunction of Adrenal Cortex (decreased production of cortisol and aldosterone)
S&Sx: Hypotension, weakness, anorexia, weight loss, altered pigmentation, metabolic dysfunction and electrolyte imbalances

A

Addison’s Disease

29
Q

Hyperfunction of Adrenal Gland (increased cortisol production), Pituitary gland produces excessive adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
S&Sx: evolves over years, persistent hyperglycemia, growth failure, truncal obesity, purple abdominal striae, “moon shaped face”, “buffalo hump” posteriorly at the base of the neck, weakness, acne, hypertension, and male gynecomastia. Mental changes include depression, poor concentration, and memory loss

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

30
Q

Most common cause of Hypothyroidism

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

31
Q

Most common cause of Hyperthyroidism

A

Grave’s Disease

32
Q

S&Sx of Hypothyroidism

A 
Fatigue
Forgetfulness
Dry skin
Dry hair
Brittle nails
Constipation
Weight gain
Muscle cramps
Depression
Decreased menstrual flow
Swelling in the front of the neck (goiter)
33
Q

S&Sx of Hyperthyroidism

A 
Feeling hot
Sweating
Problems falling asleep
Racing thoughts
Difficulty focusing on one task
Forgetfulness
Change in bowel habits, where bowels are looser
Elevated heart rate and palpitations
Anxiety, nervousness, or irritability
Weight loss
Menstrual problems
Fatigue
34
Q

Autoimmune disease that stimulates the thyroid gland to become overactive
Common in women over age of 20, but affects men and any age group.
S&Sx: Hyperthyroid presentation. Classic signs include- Goiter, heat intolerance, nervousness, weight loss, tremor, and palpitations

A

Grave’s Disease

35
Q

S&Sx of Hypoparathyroidism

A

Decreased bone resorption
Hypocalcemia
Elevated serum phosphate levels
Shortened 4th & 5th metacarpals (pseudohypoparathyroidism)
Compromised breathing due to muscle spasms
Cardiac arrhythmias and potential heart failure
Increased neuromuscular activity (tetany)

36
Q

S&Sx of Hyperparathyroidism

A

Increased bone resorption
Hypercalcemia
Decreased serum phosphate levels
Osteitis fibrosa, subperiosteal resorption, arthritis, bone deformity
Nephrocalcinosis, renal hypertension, and renal damage
Gout
Decreased neuromuscular irritability

37
Q

S&Sx of Hyperglycemia

A

Blood glucose >180-200 mgl/dl
Increased thirst and frequent urination
Ketoacidosis

38
Q

S&Sx of Ketoacidosis

A 
Dyspnea
Fruity breath odor
Dry mouth
Nausea
Vomiting
Confusion
Loss of consciousness
39
Q

S&Sx of Hypoglycemia

A

Blood glucose

40
Q

Cause by destruction of islets of Langerhans cells secondary to possible autoimmune or viral causative factor
Onset: usually less than 25 years of age, abrupt onset
5-10% of cases
Insulin production: very little or none
Ketoacidosis can occur
Treatment includes insulin injection, exercises, and diet

A

resistance at insulin receptor sites usually secondary to obesity; ethnic prevalence
Onset: Usually older than 45 years of age, gradual onset
90-95% of cases
Insulin production: variable
Ketoacidosis will rarely occur
Treatment includes weight loss, oral insulin, exercise, and diet

41
Q

Adult onset Male hypogonadism

A 
Decreased libido
erectile dysfunction
Infertility
Decreased cognitive skills
Mood changes
Sleep disturbances
42
Q

Prepubescent onset Male hypogonadism

A

Sparse body hair
Underdevelopment of skeletal muscles
Long arms and legs secondary to delay in the closure of epiphyseal growth plates

43
Q

Prepubescent onset Female hypogonadism

A 
gonadal dysgenesis
Short stature
Failure to progress through puberty
Primary amenorrhea
Premature gonadal failure
44
Q

Adult onset Female hypogonadism

A

Secondary amenorrhea is the primary symptom

NPTE Topics (26 decks)

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