Oncology and Chemotherapy (Mordecai) Exam III Flashcards
The normal behavior of cells is to grow and divide when needed, what happens when they are damaged or old?
A) They continue to grow and divide
B) They die
C) They become cancer cells
D) They stop growing but do not die
B) They die
Slide 2
What characterizes the behavior of cancer cells compared to normal cells?
A) They die when they should die
B) They form only when needed
C) They survive when they should die
D) They grow at a slower rate
C) They survive when they should die
Form when they are NOT needed
Slide 2
Matching
Match the stages of tissue changes with their definitions
1 → B
2 → D
3 → C
4 → A
Slide 3
What is the definition of cancer according to the National Cancer Institute?
A) A single disease caused by viruses
B) A collection of related diseases
C) A genetic disorder with no external causes
D) A disease only affecting solid organs
B) A collection of related diseases
Slide 4
Cancer cells differ from normal cells because they ________ without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues.
A) Regenerate
B) Die
C) Grow
D) Divide
D) Divide
May form solid tumors or not (leukemias like blood cancers)
Slide 4
Which factors can cause cancer? Select 2
A) Inherited from parents
B) Direct or indirect contact
C) Excessive cell death
D) Mutations to DNA
E) Mobile phones
A) Inherited from parents
D) Mutations to DNA - exposure to things like radiation, chemicals and various drugs
Slide 4
Which characteristics describe how cancer cells differ from normal cells? Select 3
A) Cancer cells are less specialized
B) Cancer cells divide for shorter than needed
C) Abnormally influence normal cells
D) Cancer cells stop dividing when they receive apoptosis signals
E) Cancer cells evade the immune system
A) Cancer cells are less specialized
C) Abnormally influence normal cells
E) Cancer cells evade the immune system
Slide 5
How do cancer cells interact with normal cells?
Select 3
A) They encourage normal cells to die
B) They influence normal cells to feed the tumor by forming blood vessels
C) Can ignore pre-programmed apoptosis signals
D) They destroy blood vessels
E) They use the immune system to prevent cancer cell damage
B) They influence normal cells to feed the tumor by forming blood vessels - this is called angiogenesis
C) Can ignore pre-programmed apoptosis signals - these cells can ignore that pre-programmed apoptosis signals that keep them from dividing and multiplying out of control
E) They use the immune system to prevent cancer cell damage - they can basically influence things like the neutrophils and influence phagocyte production and activity to kind of prevent themselves from being broken down and gobbled up the way they should.
Slide 5
What are proto-oncogenes involved in under normal conditions?
A) Preventing cell division
B) Normal cell growth and division
C) DNA repair
D) Apoptosis (cell death)
B) Normal cell growth and division
Slide 6
What happens when proto-oncogenes become altered?
A) They slow down cell division
B) They become tumor suppressor genes
C) They become cancer-causing genes
D) They repair DNA damage
C) They become cancer-causing genes, allowing cells to grow and survive
Slide 6
What is the function of tumor suppressor genes when they are altered?
A) They allow genes to divide uncontrollably
B) They help the immune system attack cancer cells
C) They repair damaged DNA
D) They stop cell growth entirely
A) They allow genes to divide uncontrollably
Slide 6
DNA repair gene mutations can cause ________ in the cells.
A) Increased growth
B) Correct repair of damage
C) Other mutations
D) No impact
C) Other mutations
M - there can be alterations in DNA repair genes. And so the DNA helixes get damaged. And they replicate. And so this is sort of an incorrect damage repair and causes other mutations to occur along the way.
Slide 6
There are more than __________ types of cancers
A) 50
B)75
C) 90
D) 100
D) 100
Slide 7
How are cancers typically named?
A) Based on the age of the patient
B) Based on where the cancer originates
C) Based on the duration of the illness
D) Based on the color of the tumor
B) Based on the organs, tissues, or types of cells where the cancer originates
Slide 7
What type of cancer originates from the basal layer of the epidermis?
A) Adenocarcinoma
B) Squamous cell carcinoma
C) Basal cell carcinoma
D) Sarcoma
C) Basal cell carcinoma
Slide 7
Adenocarcinoma typically affects ________ tissues that produce mucus, like the breast or prostate.
A) Glandular
B) Epithelial
C) Muscular
D) Bone
A) Glandular
Slide 7
What type of cancer affects epithelial cells, such as those lining the stomach, intestines, and bladder?
A) Squamous cell carcinoma
B) Adenocarcinoma
C) Sarcoma
D) Leukemia
A) Squamous cell carcinoma
slide 7
Sarcomas are cancers that affect the ________.
A) Blood-forming tissues
B) Glandular tissues
C) Epithelial tissues
D) Bone and soft tissues
D) Bone and soft tissues
Bone cancer = osteosarcomas
Slide 7
What type of cancer begins in blood-forming tissues, such as the bone marrow?
A) Lymphoma
B) Sarcoma
C) Leukemia
D) Squamous cell carcinoma
C) Leukemia
Slide 7
Which type of cancer begins in lymphocytes (T or B cells) and can build up in lymph nodes and vessels?
A) Leukemia
B) Lymphoma
C) Sarcoma
D) Basal cell carcinoma
B) Lymphoma
Slide 7
Which of the following are related to environmental exposure as risk factors for cancer?
Select 3
A) Radiation
B) Sunlight
C) Immunosuppression
D) Tobacco
E) Genetics
A) Radiation
B) Sunlight
D) Tobacco
Slide 8
Which factors are known to contribute to cancer risk through genetic and environmental pathways?
Select 3
A) Genetics
B) Gender
C) Diet
D) Immunosuppression
E) Lack of physical activity
A) Genetics
C) Diet
D) Immunosuppression
Obesity
Slide 8
Which of the following are general risk factors for cancer?
Select 3
A) Age
B) Alcohol
C) Cachexia
D) Cold weather
E) Hormones
A) Age
B) Alcohol
E) Hormones
M - both endogenous hormones and hormone replacement therapy have been linked to cancers
Slide 8
Why can some cancer screenings like colonoscopies cause problems?
Select 2
A) Burns
B) Airway complications
C) Perforation
D) Constipation
B) Airway complications
C) Perforation
M - There is potential for perforation, although that’s super rare.There’s also potential for airway complications and obstruction, if they lose their airway reflexes and they turned out have some some contents in their stomach, there’s potential for aspiration. So a colonoscopy isn’t completely benign, but usually the benefits outweigh the risk there.
Slide 9