Oncology Flashcards
Risk Factors:
a. Alcohol + tobacco =
This mean?
Risk Factors:
a. Alcohol + tobacco = co-carcinogenic
They make things worse . They make cancer develop more rapidly
carcinogenic
having the potential to cause cancer.
_____________ is the #1 cause of preventable cancer.
Tobacco
Suspected dietary causes of cancer
Low fiber diet - because u don’t have much motility in your intestines so u retain carcinogens longer
Increased red meat
Increased animal fat
Nitrites (processed sandwich meat)
Alcohol
Preservatives and additives
Increased incidence of cancer in the _______________________ *That is why there is a higher incidence of cancer > age ____
Immuno suppressed, 60
The older U get the poorer your immune system
The most important risk factor for cancer=
Aging
Because because Mutation can occur in an old cells, DNA can get messed up and cancer can expose itself. And exposers to environmental toxins
In our body everybody has cancer cell but if u have a good immune system it recognizes them and __them
They why eating healthy is important to build up the __ system to figt infections
Destroy and immune
Diet/exercise habits:
• Cruciferous veggies (broccoli, cauliflower, and cabbage), Vitamin A foods
(colored veggies), and Vitamin C could ___________ risk
- vitamin D
- Regular physical activity
Protect skin from ____and _____
Decreased
Sunlight and tanning booth
African Americans have a ____________________ incidence than Caucasians
Higher
Primary prevention:
ways to prevent actual occurrence (sunscreen and no
smoking)
Secondary prevention:
Using screening to detect cancer early when there is a greater chance for a cure or control
Chronic ________________ brings about uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.
Irritation
Female:
• Monthly self-breast exam over age________
• ____________ clinical breast exam for women >40 years old
Between ages 20-39 needed every 3 years
• _____________ pelvic exam
• Pap smear: every 3 years if there’s been no problem
• What should you instruct your client not to do prior to a pap smear? __________________, ____________________
Female:
• Monthly self-breast exam over age___20
Should be done on any time from day 7-12. After the period is just about over with . U never want to do it prior to the period because that is when u going have a lot of swelling and tenderness and they will fine get a very good exam like this .
For women going who are post menopause or has had a hysterectomy( they are not going to have a period ) so they should pick a certain day to check every month
• _____Yearly clinical breast exam for women >40 years old
Between ages 20-39 needed every 3 years
- ___Annual pelvic exam
- Pap smear: every 3 years if there’s been no problem
- What should you instruct your client not to do prior to a pap smear? ______sex ___________ douche because they mess with cervical cells
Mammogram: yearly starting at age 40 (2 views of each breast)
Before a mammogram, instruct the client not to have on? ________________
• Colonoscopy: at age 50 then every 10 years after that time.
No lotions, powder, deodorant
Because it can be picked up on a mammogram as a calcium deposit. Cslicum deposit can be viewed as cancer
Male:
• ________________ self-breast exam
• Monthly testicular exam- testicular tumors grow _______________.
• Yearly digital exam and yearly PSA (prostate specific antigen) for men over age 50
• Colonoscopy at age 50 then every 10 years
Male:
• ____monthly self-breast exam
• Monthly testicular exam- testicular tumors grow ____Fast
major age group for testicular cancer is 15-36
• Yearly digital exam and yearly PSA (prostate specific antigen) for men over age 50
• Colonoscopy at age 50 then every 10 years
General S/S:
a. Caution: Change in bowel/bladder habits A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding/discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
General S/S:
a. Caution: Change in bowel/bladder habits A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding/discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
Cancer can invade bone marrow→ _______________ and thrombocytopenia
Anemia
Anemia = hypoxia
thrombocytopenia= Bleeding
Cachexia-?
Cachexia-extreme wasting and malnutrition
General Tx:
a. Radiation therapy:
What are the two types ?
Internal and eternal
General Tx:
a. Radiation therapy:
1) Internal Radiation (brachytherapy)
• With all brachytherapy, the ________ source is inside the client; radiation is being emitted
General Tx:
a. Radiation therapy:
1) Internal Radiation (brachytherapy)
• With all brachytherapy, the radioactive source is inside the client; radiation is being emitted
Types of Internal Radiation
Unsealed: client and body fluid emit radiation Isotope is given IV or _______
Radioactive for 24-48 hours
Sealed or solid: client emits radiation; body fluids not radioactive Implanted close to or in the________________
Types of Internal Radiation
Unsealed: client and body fluid emit radiation Isotope is given IV or ____PO
Radioactive for 24-48 hours
Sealed or solid: client emits radiation; body fluids not radioactive Implanted close to or in the_______TUMOR
In general terms, do radiation implants emit radiation to the general environment?
Nursing assignments should be rotated _____________, so that the nurse in not continuously exposed.
The nurse should only care for ____ client with radiation implants in a given shift.
In general terms, do radiation implants emit radiation to the general environment? Yes
Nursing assignments should be rotated _______YES______, so that the nurse in not continuously exposed.
The nurse should only care for __1__ client with radiation implants in a given shift.
9 Precautions with Internal Radiation
- )___ room
- )Wear a __ badge at all times
- )____ visitors
- )Limit each visitor to ___ min per day
- )No visitors less than ____years of age
- )Visitors must stay at least ___feet from source
- )No ___ visitors/___
- )Mark the room with _____ for specific ____
- )Wear ____ with risk of exposure to body fluids
- )Private room
- )Wear a film badge at all times
- )Restrict visitors
- )Limit each visitor to 30 min per day
- )No visitors less than 16 years of age
- )Visitors must stay at least 6 feet from source
- )No pregnant visitors/nurses
- )Mark the room with instructions for specific isotope
- )Wear gloves with risk of exposure to body fluids
How can you help prevent dislodgment of the implant? Keep the client on ______________.
Decrease _________________ in the diet.
Prevent bladder ________________.
How can you help prevent dislodgment of the implant? Keep the client on ___bedrest
Decrease ____fiber____ in the diet. Because fiber can distend the Borland push our implant
Prevent bladder _____ distention___________. This is why they have a foley catheter
What do you do if the implant becomes dislodged and you see it?
*Don’t forget this client is immunosuppressed
Put on gloves and pick it up with long forceps or tongs and place it in a lead container
*Don’t forget this client is immunosuppressed
External Radiation (teletherapy, beam radiation): • 5 Side effects of external radiation are usually limited to the exposed tissues:
Erythema Shedding of skin Altered taste Fatigue Pancytopenia (all blood components are decreased)
External Radiation (teletherapy, beam radiation):
• Side effects of external radiation are usually limited to the exposed tissues: Erythema
Shedding of skin
Altered taste
Fatigue
Pancytopenia (all blood components are decreased)
Many signs and symptoms are ____________ and ___________related
• Is it okay to wash off the markings? ______________
• Is it okay to use lotion on the markings? _____________
• Protect site from sun for 1 year after completion of therapy.
Many signs and symptoms are ____location and ___dose related
• Is it okay to wash off the markings? _____NO
• Is it okay to use lotion on the markings? ________NO
• Protect site from sun for 1 year after completion of therapy.
Chemotherapy:
• • • •
• • •
• •
Works on the _________________ cycle
Usually scheduled every 3-4 weeks
Most chemo drugs are given IV via a port.
Many chemo drugs absorb through the ______ and________________; be careful handling them.
Usual side effects: alopecia, N/V, mucositis, immunosuppression, anemia, thrombocytopenia
A vesicant is a type of chemo that if infiltration (extravasation) occurs will cause tissue ____________________.
What are S/S of extravasation? Pain, _______________________ and no _______________________ return.
The #1 thing to remember with extravasation is __________________! What do you do if this happens?
For NCLEX®, stop the infusion and think vasoconstriction to prevent spreading.
Chemotherapy:
Works on the __CELL cycle
Usually scheduled every 3-4 weeks
Most chemo drugs are given IV via a port.
Many chemo drugs absorb through the ___SKIN _ and_______MUCUS MEMBRANES be careful handling them.
Usual side effects: alopecia, N/V, mucositis aka stomatitis ( sores in mouth ), immunosuppression, anemia, thrombocytopenia
A vesicant is a type of chemo that if infiltration (extravasation) occurs will cause tissue __________ necrosis- eats tissues
What are S/S of extravasation? Pain, ________________swelling and no _______________blood return.
The #1 thing to remember with extravasation is _____________prevention
What do you do if this happens? Stop the infusion
For NCLEX®, stop the infusion and think vasoconstriction to prevent spreading.
