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Patho Exam 2 > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

1 way to get rid of cancer and why

A

stop smoking b/c lung cancer is #1

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2
Q

what are the two leading causes of death in 2012 according to CDC?

A

1] heart disease

2] cancer

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3
Q

how much activity should children and adolescents engage in?

A

1 hour of moderate or vigorous

atleast vigorous 3x a week

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4
Q

how many cups of veggies and fruits should you eat per day?

A

2.5

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5
Q

two leading causes of death in children

A

1] accidents

2] cancer

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6
Q

the most commonly diagnosed cancers for children in 2011

A

1] leukemias

2] brain and central nervous system cancer

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7
Q

define differentiation

A

physical and structural changes as they develop to form different tissues

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8
Q

dysplasia

A

disorganized cells

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9
Q

cells are changing morphology

A

metaplasia

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10
Q

hyperplasia

A

increased # of cells

increased tissue mass

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11
Q

tumor

A

abnormal new growth with no purpose and can harm host organism

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12
Q

dysplastic, harmless, will not spread

A

benign

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13
Q

spreading of the primary site of cancer

A

metastasis

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14
Q

cells from the local area of the structure

A

primary tumor

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15
Q

cells that have metastasized from another structure

A

secondary tumor

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16
Q

increased activity occur with what type of gene?

A

dominant

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17
Q

decreased activity occurs with what type of gene?

A

recessive tumor suppressor gene

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18
Q

classification system bases (5)

A 
cell type
tissue of origin
degree of differentiation
anatomic site
benign or malignant
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19
Q

epithelial classification cell type

A

carcinomas, most common in adults

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20
Q

connective and muscle

A

sarcomas

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21
Q

nerve

A

names for tissue involve (astrocytoma)

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22
Q

lymphoid

A

lymphomas

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23
Q

hematopoietic

A

leukemias

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24
Q

other cell types

A

reproductive glands, thyroid

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25
Q
  • describes the extent of the disease at time of diagnosis to help determine treatment planning, prognosis, and compare results of treatment
  • reflects the rate of growth, extent of neoplasm and prognosis
A

staging

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26
Q

measure of differentiation
aggressivenes of tumor
helps determine treatment plan and prognosis

A

grading

low>medium>high

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27
Q

define TNM classification

A 
t= tumor size= 0-4
n= regional lymph nodes= 0-4
m= metastasis= 0 if none, 1 if there is
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28
Q

carcinoma in situ
premalignant, preinvasive
stage?

A

zero

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29
Q

early stage, cancer is localized to primary organ

A

stage 1

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30
Q

increased risk of regional spread because of tumor size or grade

A

stage II

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31
Q

local cancer has spread regionally but may not be disseminated to distant regions

A

stage III

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32
Q

cancer has spread and disseminated to different sites

A

stage IV

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33
Q 
age > 50 years old
unexplained weight loss
fever
fatigue
pain
family or previous history of CA
A

red flags in history

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34
Q

screening for cancer: C A U T I O N

A 
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore or bruise that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in wart/mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
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35
Q

4 ways to diagnose CA

A

tissue biopsy
CBC
cellular markers
MRI, CT scan

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36
Q

tumor marker for bowel, stomach, pancreas, lungs, breast

A

CEA

37
Q

alpha-fetoprotein

A

testicular

38
Q

beta-2 microglobin

A

lymphoma

39
Q

PSA

A

prostate

40
Q

3 ways to treat CA

A

surgery
chemotherapy, radiation (XRT)
hormonal therapy

41
Q

ionizing radiation and particle radiation
destroy CA cells dividing in cellular DNA
limited destruction of surrounding tissue (Cyberknife)

A

irradiation (XRT)

42
Q

chemical agents to destroy CA cells
can be a combination of therapy drugs
remission

A

chemotherapy

43
Q

changes in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

A

non-small cell lung caner (85-90%)

44
Q

dense cells in an ovoid shape that usually arise from bronchial submucosa

A

small cell lung cancer (10-15%)

45
Q

mutation of the KRAS gene leads to

A

rapid cell proliferation

46
Q

two genetic lesions for NSCLC

A

1] mutation of epidermal growth factor –> overexpression

2] mutation of KRAS gene –> rapid cell proliferation

47
Q

TNM for lung cancer

A 
T= size
N= nodules in same or contralateral lobes
M= local vs. extrathoracic
48
Q

stage 1 lung cancer

A

confined to lung, no metastases

49
Q

stage II lung cancer

A

tumors with hilar or peribronchial node involvement

50
Q

locally advanced, mediastinal or cervical lymph node metastases and with extension to chest wall

A

stage III lung cancer

51
Q

tumor with distant metastases, malignant pleural or pericardial effusions

A

stage IV lung cancer

52
Q

what is the most common invasive type of breast cancer?

%?

A

invasive ductal carcinoma

70%

53
Q

for surgery treatment of breast cancer, what assists in staging?

A

SLNB: sentinel lymph node biopsy

54
Q

what are hormonal therapies used for with breast cancer?

A

ER+ (estrogen receptive)

55
Q

block effect of estrogen in breast tissue

A

SERMs

56
Q

block tissues from producing estrogen

A

Als

aromotase inhibitors

57
Q

2 monoclonal antibodies for breast cancer

A

herceptin

avastin

58
Q

where do the primary tumors of NS neoplasms occur?

A

brain

spinal cord

59
Q

CNS neoplasms- frontal lobe tumor symptoms

A

issues with vision
seizures
changes in personality

60
Q

CNS neoplasms- cerebellum symptoms

A

short term memory loss

poor coordination

61
Q

CNS neoplasms- temporal lobe symptom

A

difficulty speaking or comprehending

62
Q

between the hemispheres

above brainstem and cerebellum

A

supratentorial

63
Q

CNS neoplasm- symptom in supratentorial

A

focal deficits

also: seizures, headache, mental status changes, mimics TIA

64
Q

CNS neoplasm symptom in brainstem and cerebellum

A

ataxia- wide BOS

also: vomiting, facial droop, dysphagia, dysarthria, weakness, visual changes

65
Q

these symptoms occur for what and where?

personality changes, decreased inhibition, hemiplegia, seizures, anosmia (smell), visual changes

A

CNS neoplasm- frontal lobe

66
Q

these symptoms occur where and for what?
pain in a band with valsalva
pain worse in supine
depends on level affected

A

CNS neoplasm- spinal cord tumors

67
Q

3 subdivisions of CNS neoplasms

A

gliomas
tumors from supporting structures
PNETs (primitive neuroectodermal tumors)

68
Q

ex of gliomas

A

astrocytomas

glioblastomas

69
Q

ex of tumors form supporting structures

A

meningiomas

pituitary adenomas

70
Q

PNETs occur in who?

A

children

71
Q

glial cells do what?

A

support, insulate and metabolically assist neurons

72
Q

GBM

A

gliobastoma multiforme

73
Q

most common and deadliest primary brain tumors in adults

A

GBM

74
Q

what disease has a low survival rate and forms spiderweb throughout brain so its hard to cure?

A

GBM

75
Q

arachnoid layer of meninges

A

meningioma

76
Q

third most common primary brain tumor

A

pituitary adenoma

77
Q

vestibular system- tinnitus, vertigo, balance issues

acoustic _____?

A

neurinoma/neuroma

78
Q 
diagnosis for what?
MRI with contrast
CT scan
PET scam
fMRI
cerebral angiography
xrays
CT guided stereotactic technique
A

CNS neoplasms

79
Q

MSK tumors metastasize to what?

A

lung
liver
bone

80
Q

whats the ratio for MSK tumors? for men:women

A

3:1

81
Q

risk factors for what tumor?
antineoplastic drugs
radiation
toxic chemicals in workplace

A

MSK tumors

82
Q 
symptoms for what tumor?
pain
fractures
swelling
fever
presence of a mass
A

MSK tumor

83
Q

MSK malignant bone tumor is most common in what bone and where?

A

long bones

distal femur, proximal tibia and fibula

84
Q

osetosarcoma symptoms

A

pain and swelling

85
Q

maligant nonosteogenic primary tumor in bone or soft tissue

A

ewing’s sarcoma

86
Q

main risk factors of Ewing’s sarcoma

A 
parental occupation (exposure to pesticides)
parental smoking

also: caucasian, chromosomal translocation b/w 11-22

87
Q

Ewing’s sarcoma diagnosis looks like what?

A

radiographs with moth-eaten appearance

88
Q

50% of all soft tissue sarcomas in kids under 15 y/o

A

rhabdomyosarcoma

Patho Exam 2 (3 decks)

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