Cardiovascular Pathology Flashcards
1
Q
most expensive CVD
A
heart disease
2
Q
biggest % breakdown attributable to CVD is in what?
A
coronary artery disease
3
Q
top 4 health behaviors that affect CVD
A
1] smoking
physical inactivity
nutrition
obesity
4
Q
health/risk factors for heart diseases and strokes
A
family hx, genetics high cholesterol HTN diabetes mellitus metabolic syndrome
5
Q
3 factors, 1 is present in almost 50% of CVD deaths
A
blood pressure
cholesterol
smoking
6
Q
1 modifiable risk factor for hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes
A
HTN
7
Q
defined as high BP, against the walls of the arteries
A
HTN
8
Q
idiopathic HTN is what kind and what %
A
primary HTN
90-95% of cases
9
Q
BP for HTN?
A
more than 140/90
10
Q
identifiable cause
5-10% of cases
A
secondary HTN
11
Q
ratio for HTN
A
1 in 3
12
Q
ages 12-19 year olds have really poor score in what?
A
healthy diet score
13
Q
signs and symptoms of HTN
A
headache vertigo flushed face blurry vision nocturnal urinary frequency
14
Q
HTN prevention
A
PA/ exercise
weight control
diet modification
15
Q
HTN diagnosis
A
BP CBC urinalysis serum cholesterol fasting blood glucose ECG
16
Q
HTN treatment
A
ongoing medication
lifestyle modification
17
Q
HTN prognosis
A
can lead to L ventricular hypertrophy
18
Q
transport of cholesterol to cells
A
LDL
19
Q
transports form body to liver
A
HDL
20
Q
increased risk of CAD with what kind of cholesterols?
A
high LDL
low HDL
21
Q
total cholesterol should be #
A
less than 200
22
Q
LDL #
A
less than 160
23
Q
HDL # for males and females
A
more than 40 for males
more than 50 for females
24
Q
triglycerides #
A
less than 150
25
CO binds 250 times more readily to Hgb vs. oxygen
oxyhemoglobin curve
26
chronic hypoxia leads to?
increased HCT and increased risk of clots
27
CO damages?
epithelial lining
28
decreased coronary flow at rest and with exercise
| increased HTN
vasoconstriction
29
family hx: higher risk of a relative who had their first coronary event are what ages?
less than 55 y/o for males
| less than 60 y/o for females
30
first sign of coronary artery disease is..?
fatty streak
31
stable vs. unstable
```
stable= injury to one area
unstable= formed and now floating around
```
32
```
plaque
vasoplasm
decreased CO
low oxygen levels
- lung disease
```
oxygen supply
33
exercise/activity
| psychological stress
oxygen demand
34
causes:
total occlusion of artery
platelet activation with limited blood flow
vasospasm of diseased artery/pain
angina
35
consistent workload precedes ischemia
| reduced by rest
stable angina
36
lower workload precedes ischemia
OR lasts longer
OR different quality
>>women
unstable angina
37
necrosis
weak vulnerable 10-14 days
fibrous scar 6-8 weeks
zone of infarct
38
may return to normal but susceptible to necrosis
| regain function 2-3 weeks
zone of hypoxic injury
39
reversible zone
| may have ECG changes but return to normal as heals
zone of ischemia
40
treatment for MI
improve blood flow with drugs
PTCA
stent
41
battery operated, mechanical pump, surgically implanted
- pulsatile
- nonpulsatile
LVAD
42
pathologic conditions of bv for extremities and abdominal organs
peripheral vascular disease
43
categories of peripheral vascular disease
inflammatory
arterial occlusive
venous
vasomotor
44
atherosclerosis occlusive disease of peripheral aa to legs
peripheral artery disease
45
symptoms: intermittent claudication, pain, parasthesia, paralysis, diminished pulses, pallor, silent ischemia
peripheral artery disease
46
ABI stands for?
ankle brachial index
47
greater than 1.4 ABI
clarification/vessel hardening
48
0.5-0.8 ABI
moderate arterial disease
49
less than 0.5 ABI
severe arterial disease
50
after DVT
| varicose veins, neoplasm in pelvis
venous stasis
51
Sx:
Progressive edema of leg (hardened)
Thickening, brown pigmentation of skin at ankles
Venous stasis ulceration
chronic venous insufficiency
52
Intermittent small artery constriction of the extremities with temporary
pallor and cyanosis of the
fingers/toes
Raynaud disease
53
Disturbs vascular reflexes
Vasoconstriction/vasospasm
Deoxygenated blood pools
Raynaud disease
54
Sx: nail beds brittle, fingertips roughened
| Usually bilateral sx
Raynaud disease
55
Dx: clinical presentation and PMH
Raynaud disease
56
Tx: manage symptoms, PT
Raynaud disease
57
chronic regional pain syndrome symptoms
skin color
swelling
temperature changes in extremities
allodynia
58
narrowing or constriction of valve to prevent full opening; caused by scars or
abnormal deposits
stenosis
59
mitral valve thickened opens early in diastole
murmur
60
Dx: ECG, doppler
mitral stenosis
61
Heart unable to pump sufficient blood supply– Pulmonary congestion, HTN
– Group of symptoms not disease
congestive heart failure
62
4 types of CHF
1] systolic HF
2] HF with preserved ejection fraction (diastolic)
3] L sided HF (cardiac output)
4] R sided HF (pulm disease)
63
CHF=?
L ventricular failure
64
acute R ventricular failure like massive PE
cor pulmonale
65
```
Risk factors:
– Middle aged women due to HTN, renal issues and DM
– Steroid, NSAIDs
– Diet
– PE
```
CHF
66
1] pulmonary edema or respiratory distress (dyspnea)
2] fatigue
3] renal changes
left sided heart failure
67
decreased blood to lungs
right sided HF
68
decreased blood to body
left sided HF
69
1] dependent edema
2] jugular venous distension
3] abdominal pain (RUQ)
4] cyanosis
right sided HF
70
CHF for right side is diagnosed by?
liver symptoms, epigastric
71
major cause of death in 1st year of life
congenital heart defects
72
obstruction of blood flow to lungs which mixes desaturated and saturatedblood
CYANOTIC
73
Left to Right shunting of blood in heart through abnormal opening
• Sx can be switched and can present as CHF
acyanotic
74
Transposition of great vessels
• Tetralogy of Fallot
• Tricuspid atresia
cyanotic congenital heart defects
75
Ventricular septal defect• Atrial septal defect
• Coarctation of aorta
• Patent ductus arteriosus• Aortic stenosis
acyanotic congenital heart defects
76
describe transposition of great vessels
pulm artery from L ventricle
| aorta from R ventricle
77
4 defects of Tetralogy of Fallot
| have to have all 4
Pulmonary Stenosis
L ventricular septal defect
Aortic communication with both ventricles
R ventricular hypertrophy
78
tricuspid atresia
everything except right atrium is mixed blood
79
septal defects- ventricular
between R and L ventricles
- pinhole
80
septal defects- arterial
between R and L atria
| - due to high pressure in L atria
81
coarctation of aorta
pinched, narrowed aorta
82
patent ductus arteriosus
connects aorta and pulmonary arteries
83
symptoms:
```
Cyanosis
• CHF for transposition (newborn)
• Tachycardia
• Dyspnea
• Trouble with feeding
• Digitial clubbing
```
cyanotic
84
symptoms
* Septal defects- asymptomatic
* Dyspnea
* Trouble with feeding
* Fatigue/exercise intolerance
* Coarctation- HTN
acyanotic
85
diuretics
```
decrease plasma volume
decrease potassium (kidneys)
```
86
ACE inhibitors
lower peripheral resistance
| SE chronic cough
87
renin inhibitors
prevents angiotensin from forming
88
beta blockers
decrease cholesterol and catecholamines
| SE for exercise
89
angiotensin receptor blockers
reduce angiotensin to vasoconstrict
90
Ca channel antagonists
relax coronary smooth muscle
| vasodilate
