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Patho Exam 2 > Cardiovascular Pathology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

most expensive CVD

A

heart disease

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2
Q

biggest % breakdown attributable to CVD is in what?

A

coronary artery disease

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3
Q

top 4 health behaviors that affect CVD

A

1] smoking
physical inactivity
nutrition
obesity

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4
Q

health/risk factors for heart diseases and strokes

A 
family hx, genetics
high cholesterol
HTN
diabetes mellitus
metabolic syndrome
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5
Q

3 factors, 1 is present in almost 50% of CVD deaths

A

blood pressure
cholesterol
smoking

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6
Q

1 modifiable risk factor for hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes

A

HTN

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7
Q

defined as high BP, against the walls of the arteries

A

HTN

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8
Q

idiopathic HTN is what kind and what %

A

primary HTN

90-95% of cases

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9
Q

BP for HTN?

A

more than 140/90

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10
Q

identifiable cause

5-10% of cases

A

secondary HTN

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11
Q

ratio for HTN

A

1 in 3

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12
Q

ages 12-19 year olds have really poor score in what?

A

healthy diet score

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13
Q

signs and symptoms of HTN

A 
headache
vertigo
flushed face
blurry vision
nocturnal urinary frequency
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14
Q

HTN prevention

A

PA/ exercise
weight control
diet modification

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15
Q

HTN diagnosis

A 
BP
CBC
urinalysis
serum cholesterol
fasting blood glucose
ECG
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16
Q

HTN treatment

A

ongoing medication

lifestyle modification

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17
Q

HTN prognosis

A

can lead to L ventricular hypertrophy

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18
Q

transport of cholesterol to cells

A

LDL

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19
Q

transports form body to liver

A

HDL

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20
Q

increased risk of CAD with what kind of cholesterols?

A

high LDL

low HDL

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21
Q

total cholesterol should be #

A

less than 200

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22
Q

LDL #

A

less than 160

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23
Q

HDL # for males and females

A

more than 40 for males

more than 50 for females

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24
Q

triglycerides #

A

less than 150

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25
Q

CO binds 250 times more readily to Hgb vs. oxygen

A

oxyhemoglobin curve

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26
Q

chronic hypoxia leads to?

A

increased HCT and increased risk of clots

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27
Q

CO damages?

A

epithelial lining

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28
Q

decreased coronary flow at rest and with exercise

increased HTN

A

vasoconstriction

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29
Q

family hx: higher risk of a relative who had their first coronary event are what ages?

A

less than 55 y/o for males

less than 60 y/o for females

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30
Q

first sign of coronary artery disease is..?

A

fatty streak

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31
Q

stable vs. unstable

A 
stable= injury to one area
unstable= formed and now floating around
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32
Q 
plaque
vasoplasm
decreased CO
low oxygen levels
- lung disease
A

oxygen supply

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33
Q

exercise/activity

psychological stress

A

oxygen demand

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34
Q

causes:
total occlusion of artery
platelet activation with limited blood flow
vasospasm of diseased artery/pain

A

angina

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35
Q

consistent workload precedes ischemia

reduced by rest

A

stable angina

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36
Q

lower workload precedes ischemia
OR lasts longer
OR different quality
»women

A

unstable angina

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37
Q

necrosis
weak vulnerable 10-14 days
fibrous scar 6-8 weeks

A

zone of infarct

38
Q

may return to normal but susceptible to necrosis

regain function 2-3 weeks

A

zone of hypoxic injury

39
Q

reversible zone

may have ECG changes but return to normal as heals

A

zone of ischemia

40
Q

treatment for MI

A

improve blood flow with drugs
PTCA
stent

41
Q

battery operated, mechanical pump, surgically implanted

  • pulsatile
  • nonpulsatile
42
Q

pathologic conditions of bv for extremities and abdominal organs

A

peripheral vascular disease

43
Q

categories of peripheral vascular disease

A

inflammatory
arterial occlusive
venous
vasomotor

44
Q

atherosclerosis occlusive disease of peripheral aa to legs

A

peripheral artery disease

45
Q

symptoms: intermittent claudication, pain, parasthesia, paralysis, diminished pulses, pallor, silent ischemia

A

peripheral artery disease

46
Q

ABI stands for?

A

ankle brachial index

47
Q

greater than 1.4 ABI

A

clarification/vessel hardening

48
Q

0.5-0.8 ABI

A

moderate arterial disease

49
Q

less than 0.5 ABI

A

severe arterial disease

50
Q

after DVT

varicose veins, neoplasm in pelvis

A

venous stasis

51
Q

Sx:
Progressive edema of leg (hardened)
Thickening, brown pigmentation of skin at ankles
Venous stasis ulceration

A

chronic venous insufficiency

52
Q

Intermittent small artery constriction of the extremities with temporary
pallor and cyanosis of the
fingers/toes

A

Raynaud disease

53
Q

Disturbs vascular reflexes
Vasoconstriction/vasospasm
Deoxygenated blood pools

A

Raynaud disease

54
Q

Sx: nail beds brittle, fingertips roughened

Usually bilateral sx

A

Raynaud disease

55
Q

Dx: clinical presentation and PMH

A

Raynaud disease

56
Q

Tx: manage symptoms, PT

A

Raynaud disease

57
Q

chronic regional pain syndrome symptoms

A

skin color
swelling
temperature changes in extremities
allodynia

58
Q

narrowing or constriction of valve to prevent full opening; caused by scars or
abnormal deposits

59
Q

mitral valve thickened opens early in diastole

60
Q

Dx: ECG, doppler

A

mitral stenosis

61
Q

Heart unable to pump sufficient blood supply– Pulmonary congestion, HTN
– Group of symptoms not disease

A

congestive heart failure

62
Q

4 types of CHF

A

1] systolic HF
2] HF with preserved ejection fraction (diastolic)
3] L sided HF (cardiac output)
4] R sided HF (pulm disease)

63
Q

CHF=?

A

L ventricular failure

64
Q

acute R ventricular failure like massive PE

A

cor pulmonale

65
Q 
Risk factors: 
– Middle aged women due to HTN, renal issues and DM
– Steroid, NSAIDs 
– Diet 
– PE
66
Q

1] pulmonary edema or respiratory distress (dyspnea)
2] fatigue
3] renal changes

A

left sided heart failure

67
Q

decreased blood to lungs

A

right sided HF

68
Q

decreased blood to body

A

left sided HF

69
Q

1] dependent edema
2] jugular venous distension
3] abdominal pain (RUQ)
4] cyanosis

A

right sided HF

70
Q

CHF for right side is diagnosed by?

A

liver symptoms, epigastric

71
Q

major cause of death in 1st year of life

A

congenital heart defects

72
Q

obstruction of blood flow to lungs which mixes desaturated and saturatedblood

73
Q

Left to Right shunting of blood in heart through abnormal opening
• Sx can be switched and can present as CHF

74
Q

Transposition of great vessels
• Tetralogy of Fallot
• Tricuspid atresia

A

cyanotic congenital heart defects

75
Q

Ventricular septal defect• Atrial septal defect
• Coarctation of aorta
• Patent ductus arteriosus• Aortic stenosis

A

acyanotic congenital heart defects

76
Q

describe transposition of great vessels

A

pulm artery from L ventricle

aorta from R ventricle

77
Q

4 defects of Tetralogy of Fallot

have to have all 4

A

Pulmonary Stenosis
L ventricular septal defect
Aortic communication with both ventricles
R ventricular hypertrophy

78
Q

tricuspid atresia

A

everything except right atrium is mixed blood

79
Q

septal defects- ventricular

A

between R and L ventricles

  • pinhole
80
Q

septal defects- arterial

A

between R and L atria

- due to high pressure in L atria

81
Q

coarctation of aorta

A

pinched, narrowed aorta

82
Q

patent ductus arteriosus

A

connects aorta and pulmonary arteries

83
Q

symptoms:

Cyanosis
• CHF for transposition (newborn)
• Tachycardia
• Dyspnea
• Trouble with feeding
• Digitial clubbing
84
Q

symptoms

  • Septal defects- asymptomatic
  • Dyspnea
  • Trouble with feeding
  • Fatigue/exercise intolerance
  • Coarctation- HTN
85
Q

diuretics

A 
decrease plasma volume
decrease potassium (kidneys)
86
Q

ACE inhibitors

A

lower peripheral resistance

SE chronic cough

87
Q

renin inhibitors

A

prevents angiotensin from forming

88
Q

beta blockers

A

decrease cholesterol and catecholamines

SE for exercise

89
Q

angiotensin receptor blockers

A

reduce angiotensin to vasoconstrict

90
Q

Ca channel antagonists

A

relax coronary smooth muscle

vasodilate

Patho Exam 2 (3 decks)

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