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Pathology > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

0
Q

What race is most likely to die from cancer

A

African Americans

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1
Q

Among cancers what type is the leading cause of death

A

lung cancer

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2
Q

What is the chance of men getting cancer

A

1 in every 2 men

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3
Q

What is the chance of men getting prostate cancer

A

1 in every 6 men

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4
Q

What is the probability of a woman to develop cancer

A

1 in every 3 woman

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5
Q

what is the chance of a woman to develop breast cancer

A

1 in every 8 women

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6
Q

What is cancer

A

cellular DNA becomes damaged. Normal mutations occur daily but cancer is not corrected

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7
Q

Cells mutated by DNA may…

A

be unresponsive to signals of apoptosis
be insensitive to normal cellular suppressor genes
make their own signals that perpetuate growth

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8
Q

What are carcinoma cells

A

they occur in the lining of epithelium of passages/organs (adenocarcinoma occurs in gland cells or cells that secrete substances)

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9
Q

What are sarcoma cells

A

bone, carilage, fat, muscle, or other connective tissue

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10
Q

What are lymphoma and multiple myeloma cells

A

immune system cancers (MM= cancer of the plasma cell)

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11
Q

What are leukemia cells

A

cancer of the blood forming cells in the bone marrow

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12
Q

What three ways can cancer spread

A

direct extension into surrounding tissue
Lymphatic spread
hematologic spread

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13
Q

What are the treatments for cancer

A

surgery, radiation therapy (XRT), Chemotherapy, Hormonal Treatments, biological therapy

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14
Q

What are the goals of surgery in cancer patients

A

debulk tumor, diagnose tumor, remove pre-cancerous lesions, correct life threatening conditions caused by tumor, palliation
Clean margin: have an area of healthy tissue surrounding tumor to “ensure” that all of tumor is removed

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15
Q

What is radiation therapy

A

beam of photons hits the tumor cells and excites them which can damage bonds in the tumor
rapidly proliferating cells respond quickly to radiation (Skin, GI tract, Bone marrow, tumors)
slowly proliferating cells will show effects week to years after (heart lungs, kidneys, musculoskeletal tissue

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16
Q

Is radiation therapy selective

A

No

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17
Q

What does the impact of radiation depend on

A

dose, radiation field

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18
Q

What are the three main types of radiation

A

external beam
internal or brachytherapy
systemic

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19
Q

Is chemotherapy selective

A

no

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20
Q

what is adjuvant chemotherapy

A

therapy that follows surgery

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21
Q

what is neoadjuvant chemotherapy

A

therapy given before surgery

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22
Q

Which type of cancer treatment is given in cycles with multiple drugs in each regimen

A

chemotherapy

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23
Q

What is the point of giving cycles with multiple drugs in each regimen

A

approach reduces side-effect profile or each drug/reduces dose needed
each drug targets cells in different parts of their cell cycle

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24
Q

What are the side effects of chemotherapy

A

rapidly dividing cells are damaged, peripheral neuropathy

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25
Q

What are the long term impacts of chemotherapy

A 
early onset of cardiac issues
pulmonary fibrosis
learning disabilites
hearing loss
neuropathy (pain, balance)
secondary cancers
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26
Q

When are hormonal treatments for cancer used

A

if the tumor grows in response to certain hormones, drugs to block hormonal receptors on target organ can be used. Drugs to reduce circulating hormones can also be used (comes with more side effects)

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27
Q

How does biological therapy for cancer work

A

utilizes the patients own immune system to help fight cancer

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28
Q

What two types of biological therapy exist

A

vaccines, monoclonal antibodies

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29
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies

A

immunoglobulin sequences that recognize a specific antigen or protein on the surface of cells, some target receptors ad some target the growth factor

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30
Q

What are the risk factors for cancer

A

inactivity, age, obesity, hormones, viruses, tobacco, alcohol, poor diet, family history

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31
Q

Will cancer patients typically respond to PT

A

no, condition will not improve and they will not “fit” typical presentation of original diagnoses

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32
Q

Do children typically respond well to cancer

A

yes

33
Q

what cancer are children most likely to get

A

leukemia

34
Q

What is the chance of developing a malignant brain tumor

A

<1%

35
Q

Are primary or secondary brain tumors more common

A

Secondary

36
Q

What are the risk factors for CNS neoplasms

A

genetics, rare genetic disorders, neuromuscular disorders, environment (pesticides), radiation, cell phones (non-conclusive)

37
Q

What problems can a CNS neoplasm cause

A

direct compression, block CSF causing pressure build up (vasogenic edema), destruction of bone –> nerve compression

38
Q

What determines the symptoms of a brain tumor

A

location of tumor

39
Q

What are some common symptoms of brain tumors

A

seizure, gradual loss of movement or sensation, unsteadiness, loss of vision, hearing loss, speech difficulty, morning nausea, confusion

40
Q

What is a supratentorial lesion

A

a lesion located between the hemispheres, above brainstem and cerebellum

41
Q

What can supretentorial lesions cause

A

focal deficits, seizures, headache, mental status changes, mimics TIA

42
Q

What are the symptoms of brainstem and cerebellum lesions

A

vomiting (early in morning), ataxia, facial droop, dysphagia, dysarthria, weakness, visual changes

43
Q

What do lesions to the frontal lobe cause

A

personality changes, hemiplegia, seizures, anosmia (smell), visual changes (blurriness)

44
Q

What do spinal cord tumors cause

A

pain in a band with valsalva, pain that worsens in supine, dependent of level affected (bowels/bladder, weakness/atrophy, sensory changes)

45
Q

What are types of brain and spinal cord tumors

A

gliomas, astrocytomas, oligodendroglioma, meingiomas, meduloblastomas, schwanomas

46
Q

What are gliomas

A

a group of tumors that start in glial cells

47
Q

What are types of gliomas

A

glioblastoma multiforme
astrocytoma
olgiodendroglioma
ependymoma

48
Q

When are the peak incidence of gliomas

A

2-10 and 45-55

49
Q

What is the most common brain tumor in adults

A

Meningiomas

50
Q

Which sex normally gets meningiomas

A

women

51
Q

Are neurinomas benign or malignant and where are they normally located

A

benign, CN8

52
Q

What are neurinomas, and who gets them

A

Tumors of the schwann cells, 40-50 year old

53
Q

Where are medulloblastomas located

A

vermis of cerebellum

54
Q

Are medulloblastomas benign or malignant

A

malignant

55
Q

What is the most common malignant tumor in children

A

medulloblastomas

56
Q

How are brain tumors diagnosed

A 
MRI (best tool)
fMRI (functional MRI)
CT scan
Cerebral angiography
Chest x-ray, body scan
CT guided sterotactic needle biopsy
57
Q

What are treatment options for brain tumors

A

surgical resection, craniotomy, chemotherapy, radiation,

58
Q

What complications can come with surgery of the brain

A

edema, ICP
infection
hemorrhage
hydrocephalus

59
Q

What are the risk factors for musculoskeletal tumors

A

radiation, toxins (pesticides), chemotherapy

60
Q

Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal tumors

A

vague
pain
edema
lump

61
Q

How are musculoskeletal tumors diagnoesed

A

radiograph, MRI, Bone scans, CT scan, biopsy, lab tests (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)

62
Q

Is there a uniform staging system for musculoskeletal tumors

A

no

63
Q

What is the treatment for musculoskeletal tumors

A

marginal excision, wide excision, limb salvage or limb-sparing, radiation, chemotherapy

64
Q

what is the name for a malignant bone tumor

A

osteosarcoma

65
Q

When is the peak incidence of osteosarcomas

A

15 y.o. (growth spurts)

66
Q

What do osteosarcoms develop from

A

osteoblast cells

67
Q

What are the risk factors for osteosarcomas

A

pagets disease, radiation, chromosomal abnormalities

68
Q

Signs and symptoms of osteosarcoms

A

pain, arthralgia, joint effusion, ROM deficit, warm temp, fracture

69
Q

Where can osteoscarcomas metastasize

A

lungs

70
Q

What are the treatments for osteosarcoma

A

chemotherapy & limb salvage

71
Q

Where do Ewings sarcomas generally form

A

pelvis, LE

72
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of ewing sarcomas

A

pain, edema, fracture, flu-like

73
Q

how are ewings sarcomas diagnosed

A

radiographs (lytic lesion)

74
Q

What is the treatment for ewings sarcomas

A

radiation, chemotherapy, limb salvage

75
Q

what is the prognosis for Ewings sarcoma

A

5 yr survival > 70%

76
Q

what is hematopoesis

A

formation of blood cells

77
Q

What type of cell generates all other cells

A

stem cells

78
Q

What are the possible causes of leukemia

A

genetic predisposition, environment

79
Q

What is acute leukemia

A

abnormal production of immature myelocyte or granulocyte

80
Q

Signs and symptoms of acute leukemia

A

recurrent infections, frequent fevers, tachycardia, general malaise, thrombocytopenia, bone pain, anemia

81
Q

Who normally gets acute leukemia

A

children < 15 peak 2-4 y.o.

Pathology (3 decks)

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