Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

0
Q

Approx how many people have MI each year

A

720,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is the leading cause of death for both men and women

A

Heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most common heart disease

A

coronary heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What race is most likely to die of heart disease

A

African Americans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the modifiable risks for cardiovascular disease

A

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, WEIGHT, Blood pressure, Diet/cholesterol, Stress, Glucose tolerance, Smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the non-modifiable risks for cardiovascular disease

A

Age, gender, race, hormonal status, family history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A

Hypertension, smoking, high cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, abnormal glucose tolerance, sedentary lifestyle, family history, age, male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the three main risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A

Hypertension, smoking, high cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does hypertension increase the risk of

A

heart disease and stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What percentage of people have high blood pressure

A

31%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What percent of people who have hypertension have it controlled

A

47%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the causes of HTN

A

At least 90% is “essential HTN”

other causes: kidney disease, narrowing of Aorta, narrowing of vasoconstriction of peripheral arterial system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does HTN cause

A
  • Mechanical damage to epithelial lining of arteries
    • inflammatory response
    • proliferation of smooth muscle in arterial wall
  • Chronic Afterload on left ventricle
    • Hypertrophy
    • left ventricle failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the risk factors of HTN

A

Inactivity, Obesity (BMI > 30), high salt diet (>2300 mg/day), heavy alcohol use, stress?, race (40% of african americans), genetics, age (women after menopause)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is considered normal bloodpressure

A

Systolic <80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is considered pre-hypertension

A

Systolic: 120-139
Diastolic: 80-89

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is considered stage I hypertension

A

systolic: 140-159
diastolic: 90-99

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is considered stage II hypertension

A

Systolic: >60
Diastolic: >100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Is cholesterol soluble or insoluble

A

Insoluble, so it binds with proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is cholesterol needed for

A

for cell membranes, hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where does LDL transport cholesterol

A

to cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where does HDL transport cholesterol

A

from body to liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When a person has High LDL and Low HDL what do they have an increased risk of

A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are triglycerides independent risk factors for

A

CAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How many chemicals does tobacco contain

A

over 7,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How many of the ingredients in cigarettes can cause cancer

A

70

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does smoking cessation lower the risk for

A

Lung cancer and other cancers
Coronary heart disease within 1-2 yrs of quitting
Respiratory symptoms
reductions in lung function
COPD
infertility and premature low birth weights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What can assist with the process of smoking cessation

A

Individual or group counseling/behavior modification
Over the counter medications (gum, patch, lozenge)
Prescription non-nicotine medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Does second hand smoke contain the same cancer causing chemicals as cigarettes

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Is there any risk-free level of exposure to secondhand smoke

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What health problems can come with second hand smoke

A

more frequent and severe asthma attacks
increased prevalence and severity of respiratory and ear infections
increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome
increased risk of heart disease, lung cancer, stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What race smokes the most cigarettes

A

american indians/alaska natives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how does education level relate to smoking

A

people with a GED diploma are most likely to smoke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What happens in the body while someone smokes

A

Decreases the oxygen content of the blood
Damages epithelial lining which makes it more permeable to lipids
Increases the viscosity of blood; increases risk for clotting
Increased vasoconstriction in coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What happens to the body when a person quits smoking

A

Within 2-3 months, lung function improves up to 30%
1 Year after cessation, heart disease risk drops 50%
5-15 years later risk of CVA is about the same as a non-smoker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What does the AHA consider adequate exercise

A

150 minutes of activity weekly (moderate instensity) or 75 minutes of vigorous activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What does exercise do to the body

A

Modify BMI, lower blood pressure in those who have HTN, improve insulin sensitivity, increase HDL, decrease LDL, reduce stress, improve endothelial function, reduces inflammatory markers, reduce homocysteine levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is obesity strongly linked to

A

HTN and diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is a risk factor of diabetes

A

2-4x increase in risks of CAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the implications of diabetes

A

higher circulating levels of fatty acid
higher active metabolic tissue-central obesity
chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the non-modifiable risk factors of diabetes

A

Family history, race, age, gender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

When is family history a risk factor for diabetes

A

higher risk if a relative had their first coronary event <60 (female)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

When is race a risk factor for diabetes

A

African-Americans: higher bp and hd risk vs caucasions

Mexican Americans, American Indians: higher rates of HD, obesity, diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

When are age and gender risk factors for diabetes

A

males:females 4:1

After 70 years old 1:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Describe Pack year history

A

number of cigarettes per day X number of years smoked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What does CAD affect

A

Medium and large arteries (coronaries, aorta, carotids, popliteal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What causes altered permeability

A

Chronic Mechanical Stress (HTN)
Carbon Monoxide (smoking)
Catecholamines (stress & smoking)
Hyperlipidemia (diet, family history, diabetes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is the first sign of plaque formation called

A

Fatty Streak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What does plaque consist of

A

lipids, connective tissue, smooth muscle cells, platelets

49
Q

What are mechanisms of artherosclerosis

A

Increased LDL penetrates the arterial wall
Lipids build up in smooth ms
LDL causes smooth ms hyperplasia
Cells migrate into intima
Subendothelium is exposed to blood atsites of tears and platelets aggregate

50
Q

What is myocardial ischemia

A

oxygen supply does not equal oxygen demand

51
Q

What can decrease oxygen supply

A

plaque, vasospasm, decreased cardiac output, low oxygen levels (lung disease)

52
Q

What can increase oxygen demands

A

Exercise activity, psychological stress

53
Q

What affects does angina have on the body

A

70% or more of coronary artery occlusion
Myocardium stimulates free nerve endings near coronary arteries
impulse travels in unmyelenated sympathetic nerves to thoracic ganglia, through dorsal horn, to spinothalamic tract of thalamus and landing in cortex

54
Q

Trace the path of pain fibers for angina

A

go through cardiac plexus–> sypmathetic chain –> spinal cord C7-T6

55
Q

Afferent fibers from the heart travel the same path as what other fibers

A

Sympathetic fibers (C7-T5 with some convergence of lower cervical)

56
Q

How long do angina attacks last

A

1-5 minutes normally but can be up to 20 min

57
Q

What signs are atypical of angina

A

Dyspnea, chest pain, fatigue, lightheadedness, diaphoresis, pallor

58
Q

What are causes of angina with/without an infarction

A

total occlusion of artery
high demand with limited flow
plaque rupture with occlusion
vasospasm in a diseased artery

59
Q

What are the types or patterns of angina

A

Stable, unstable, prinzmental

60
Q

How is a M.I. or coronary heart disease diagnosed

A

ECG, cardiac enzymes, patient interview, patient examination, echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, exercise stress test

61
Q

What is a coronary angiography

A

A test that uses dye and special x rays to show the insides of your coronary arteries

62
Q

What is stable angina

A

exertional angina because it occurs at a predictable level of activity or emotional level of activity or emotional stress

63
Q

What is unstable angina

A

unpredictable, not related to usual demand for myocardial O2

64
Q

What does prinzmetals angina result from

A

due to coronary artery spasm and is likely to occur in the first few hours of rising

65
Q

what are the 3 zones of damage in an MI

A

1) zone of infarction
2) zone of hypoxic injury
3) zone of ischemia

66
Q

What is zone of infarction

A

area of myocardium that was completely deprived of O2 resulting in cell death

67
Q

What is the zone of hypoxic injury

A

immediately surrounding the area of infarction and will recover if blood flow is quickly restored

68
Q

Which zone is usually reversible after an MI

A

zone of ischemia

69
Q

What is an exercise stress test

A

graded exercise test with ECG and other monitoring

70
Q

What can a exercise stress test detect

A

activity related ischemia, rhythm abnormalities

71
Q

What can a exercise stress test determine

A

exercise capacity which is predictive for mortality and guides the MD with treatment

72
Q

What are some treatments for MI

A
  • Medical/pharmacological: agents to increase supply and decrease demand
  • Surgical intervention: PTCA, Stent, Coronary Artery Bypass Graft
  • Left Ventricle Assist Device
  • Orthotopic Heart Transplantation
73
Q

What is a LVAD

A

mechanical pump from left ventricle to aorta with external component (battery)

74
Q

What is heart failure

A

Inability of the patient to maintain adequate cardiac output at rest

75
Q

Describe left sided heart failure

A
  • Pumping malfunction (systolic) or resting/filling malfunction (diastolic)
  • Systolic dysfunction: decreased cardiac output and higher volume of blood left in left ventricle
  • Diastolic dysfunction: decreased ability to fill resulting in lower cardiac output and higher pressure
76
Q

What happens to the body during congestive heart failure

A
  • pressure transmitted to atria causing dilation

- pressure transmitted to pulmonary veins: leak into interstitial space, leak into alveoli

77
Q

What are symptoms of congestive heart failure (CHF)

A

orthopnea, dry cough, inability to take a deep breath, exertional dyspnea, weight gain (6-10 lbs in 1-2 days), left ventricle hypertrophy, pulmonary engorgement

78
Q

Describe what happens to the body during right sided heart failure (HF)

A

-Mechanical dysfunction of RV: decreases emptying into pulmonary artery, increased right sided pressures, pressures transmitted into system

79
Q

What can cause right sided heart failure

A

pulmonary artery HTN, lung disease, untreated or severe congestive heart failure

80
Q

What are some compensatory mechanisms for heart failure

A

increase in sympathetic tone (increase heart rate and contractility)
increase preload to improve cardiac pump strength
Ventricular hypertrophy (strength training)

81
Q

When someone with peripheral MS has heart failure, what happens

A

increased production of TNF, loss of type I fibers, decreased oxidative enzymes, decreased mitochondrial enzymes, more frequent use of glycolysis

82
Q

What is the goal of heart failure treatment

A

to maximize input and output

83
Q

How is input and output of the heart maximized

A

preload: optimize the volume which returns to the LV to improve contractility
Contractility: inotropic medications, increase intracellular calcium

84
Q

What is one way to treat HF

A

afterload reduction: reduce the pressure against which the LV has to pump

85
Q

When does congenital heart disease occur

A

In-utero, normally 1st trimester

86
Q

What are the 2 main types of congenital heart disease

A

Cyanotic defects, acyanotic defects

87
Q

What is cyanotic defects

A

blood flow to the lungs may be impaired and/or there is mixing of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood

88
Q

What is acyanotic defects

A

Shunting of blood from left side of heart to right side

89
Q

What are the implications of cyanotic congenital heart disease

A

transposition of great vessels, tetrology of fallot, tricuspid atresia

90
Q

What are implications of acyanotic congenital heart disease

A

ventricular spetal defect (VSD)
artial septal defect (ASD)
Coarctation of aorta
Patent ductus arteriosis (PDA)

91
Q

What is the etiology of congenital heart disease

A 
10% attributed to a genetic defect
maternal alcohol consumption
maternal diabetes
viruses
hypoxemia
prematurity
92
Q

What is the pathophysiology of congenital heart disease

A

heart forms from a tube that twists and turns to form the valves and chambers. In the fetus there is something called the ductus arteriosis which connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta (bypass lungs in utero) When this does not close off after birth it can cause acyanotic congenital heart disease

93
Q

Explain the path of blood through the ductus arteriosis

A

blood travels from High Pressure in the aorta to low pressure in the pulmonary artery. Called left to right shunt.

94
Q

What are signs and symptoms of congenital heart failure

A 
respiratory distress
cyanosis
grunting/wheezing
failure to thrive
signs of heart failure
SOB
95
Q

How is congenital heart failure diagnosed

A

prenatal screening for genetic disorders
ultrasound diagnosis
echocardiogram

96
Q

What other issues does congenital heart disease often occur with

A

neuromuscular, musclular, and organ related issuses

97
Q

What is the implication of congenital heart disease for PTs

A

Need to assess activity tolerance, breathing patterns, HR response, posturing, developmental milestones

98
Q

What is the etiology of valve dysfunction

A

congenital, infection, MI

99
Q

what are the physiological consequences of valve dysfunction

A

increases demand on heart

100
Q

What are the signs/symptoms of valve dysfunction

A 
asymptomatic
fatigue
turbulent blood flow
ventricular hypertrophy
symptoms of Heart failure
101
Q

What can happen within the heart if the valves are not functioning properly

A

stenosis
regurgitation
prolapse

102
Q

What are some treatments for heart valve abnormalites

A

surgical repair (mechnical, bioprosthetic)
valvuloplasty
commissurotomy-incision to separate adherent leaflets

103
Q

What is an aneurysm

A

localized dilation or outpocketing of the arterial wall

104
Q

What is a true aneurysm

A

deterioration of media

105
Q

what is a false aneurysm

A

accumulation of blood and disruption of three layers of vessel wall

106
Q

How can the media become weakened

A

atherosclerosis, congenital malformations, turbulent blood flow

107
Q

How does the outpocketing become larger

A

increased wall tension, development of thrombi

108
Q

What are the most common sites of aneurysms

A

abdominal aorta, thoracic aorta

109
Q

What are the main causes of aneurysms

A

atherosclerosis and trauma

110
Q

Signs/symptoms of an aneurysm

A

usually asymptomatic
palpable turbulent outpocketing in lower extremities
severe abdominal back pain
rupture-poor prognosis

111
Q

What are the treatments for aneurysm

A

monitor size and location

grafting (resection of aneurysm)

112
Q

what does peripheral artery disease have the same pathology as

A

CAD

113
Q

What does peripheral arterial disease (PAD) have the same risk factors as

A

CAD, CVA

114
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of PAD

A

Many are asymptomatic
related to workload
pain with increasing distance
pain with increasing speed

115
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of occlusive arterial disease

A

ache, discomfort, pain, paresthesia, cold, those with DM tend to present later due to poor perception of symptoms (neuropathy)

116
Q

What is intermittent claudication and what does its location correlate with

A

muscle ischemia due to imbalance of supply and demand

location of pain correlates with lesion: lesion is slightly upstream to site of muscular pain

117
Q

When a person has occlusive arterial disease, what happens when the limb is elevated and depressed

A

Elevated: pallor
depressed: rubor

118
Q

What can occlusive disease cause

A

ulcerations, gangrene, pain, diminished functional capacity

119
Q

What is used to determine the severity of PAD and what is the scale

A 
Ankle brachial index
1-1.29 = normal
.91-.99= borderline
.41-.9 = mild-moderate PAD
0-.4 = severe PAD
120
Q

What is the treatment for Occlusive disease

A 
risk factor modification
place leg in a dependent position when able
analgesics for pain control
progressive exercise
foot care (skin checks, footwear)
angioplasty 
bypass surgery (graft bypasses occlusion to return blood flow:great saphenous vein)
amputation

Pathology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions