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Pathology > Hemotology > Flashcards

Hemotology Flashcards

0
Q

What is anemia

A

reduced red blood count/production of erythrocytes

<12 g/100ml in women

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1
Q

Is anemia a symptom or a disease

A

symptom

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2
Q

What can cause anemia

A 
iron deficiencies due to GI blood loss
inflammatory d/o; SLE, RA
nutritional problems
infectious diseases, HIV
Neoplastic diseases or from their treatments
blood loss (trauma, birth)
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3
Q

What can cause a deceased production of erythrocytes

A 
nutritional deficiencies of Iron and B12
Folic Acid (poor dietary intake, alcoholism, anorexia)
Bone marrow pathology (leukemia, chemotherapy, radation to long bones, pelvis, and skull)
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4
Q

What can anemia cause

A

blood loss, destruction of erythrocytes or hemolysis (autoimmune anemia, lupus), decreased production of erythrocytes (kidney disease, chronic disease RA, SLE)

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5
Q

What do kidneys secrete and what does it do

A

erythropoietin, stimulates bone marrow to make erythrocytes

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6
Q

What are signs and symptoms of anemia

A

Weakness, DOE, exercise intolerance, yellowing of skin/fingernails, tachycardia, angina

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7
Q

How is anemia diagnosed

A

complete blood count (RBC number, RBC pathology)

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8
Q

Explain RBC pathology

A

macrocytic: B12, folate
Microcytic: iron deficiency

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9
Q

How is anemia treated

A

treat the underlying cause (cancer, chronic disease, diet, blood transfusion)

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10
Q

What is Hemophilia A

A

lack of clotting factor VIII which is found on the X chromosome and produced by the liver

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11
Q

What is the clotting factor important in

A

the production of thrombin which helps create a stable clot and stop bleeding

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12
Q

How is hemophilia classified and what do the ranges mean

A 
% of clotting factor present
Normal: 50-100%
Mild: 6-30%
Moderate: 1-5%
Severe: <1%
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13
Q

Describe mild hemophilia

A

spontaneous bleeding is rare

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14
Q

Describe moderate hemophilia

A

major bleeding with mild trauma

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15
Q

Describe severe hemphilia

A

spontaneous bleeding is common or with slight trauma

16
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hemphilia

A

bleeding after immunizations
hematoma where parents hold/grab their children
hemarthroses during ambulation
intracranial bleeding

17
Q

What joints are most likely to see hemarthoses due to hemaphilia

A

Synovial joints (knee most common)

18
Q

What happens after hemarthoses has occured

A
  • bleeding is an irritant and the synovium becomes hypertrophied and villi which extend into the articular surfaces get damaged
  • Iron is deposited in synovium which decreases the production of synovial fluid –> cartilage damage, joint collapse, pain, loss of ROM, muscle atrophy
19
Q

Where do muscle hemorrhages due to hemophilia normally occur

A

flexor muscle groups

20
Q

What do muscle hemorrhages cause

A

warmth, swelling, loss of ROM, numbness

21
Q

How is hemophilia diagnosed

A

CBC, Assessment of clotting factors**, PTT, DNA testing, in utero chorionic villus sampling

22
Q

How is hemophilia treated

A

no known cure at this time
IV factor replacement therapy before procedures or when actively bleeding
Factor replacement chronically
PT: strengthening to protect joints, bracing, pain control

23
Q

What is sickle cell disease

A

autosomal recessive disorder of hemoglobin molecule

24
Q

What does hemoglobin do

A

delivers oxygen to tissues

25
Q

What happens to hemoglobin shape in someone with SCD

A

the biconcave shape changes to a sickle cell when it releases oxygen

26
Q

What can sickle cell disease cause

A

anemia, ishchemia

27
Q

What is the normal lifespan of hemoglobin? What is the lifespan of a sickle cell

A

120 days

8-10 days

28
Q

When are sickle cell episodes likely to happen

A 
physiologic stress
high altitude
anesthesia
pregnancy
fever
trauma
29
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of sick cell disease

A

pain from sickled cells blocking blood flow
acute chest syndrome
CVA
Thrombotic events in lungs
hand-foot syndrome (microvasculature is blocked in hands and feet)

30
Q

How is sickle cell disease diagnosed

A

pre-natal genetic testing

newborn screens

31
Q

How is sickle cell disease treated

A

bone marrow transplant
supportive care with rest, pain medications, oxygen, antibiotics
blood transfusions
hydroxyurea (stimulates body to make fetal hemoglobin)

Pathology (3 decks)

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