oncology Flashcards
0
Q
what is the number two leading cause of death for all ages?
A
cancer
1
Q
what is the leading cause of death for all ages?
A
heart disease
2
Q
which type of cancer is the leading cause of death for both men and women?
A
lung/bronchus
3
Q
in cancer death rates, which ethnicity has highest rates?
A
AA
4
Q
what are the mens lifetime probability of developing cancer?
A
1 in 2
5
Q
what are women probability in developing cancer?
A
1 in 3
6
Q
what is cancer?
A
when cellular DNA becomes damaged and doesn’t correct itself and then proliferates
7
Q
what is the resting cell phase of the cell division cycle?
A
G0
8
Q
what phase are most cells in?
A
G0
9
Q
what phase are neurons permanently in?
A
G0
10
Q
once cells complete M phase (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) the two daughter cells can go into either ___ or ___
A
G0 or G1
11
Q
what is pre programmed cell death
A
apoptocysis
12
Q
how many cells die each day?
A
70-80 million
13
Q
in what phase does DNA replication occur?
A
S
14
Q
what phase does a cell prepare for mitosis?
A
G 2
15
Q
T/F. when a cancer cell grows it overlaps with other cancer cell in a disorganized matter
A
T
16
Q
T/F. cancer cells need a matrix to attach to in order to divide
A
F, they do not need a matrix
17
Q
which type of cancer occurs in the lining of the epithelium or passages or organs
A
carcinomas
18
Q
which type of cancer occurs in gland cells or cells that secrete substances?
A
adenocarcinoma
19
Q
which type of cancer occurs in bones
A
sarcomas
20
Q
which type of cancer occurs in the immune system
A
lymphoma or multiple myelomas
21
Q
cancers of the blood
A
leukemia
22
Q
tumor that doesnt mets.
A
benign
23
Q
tumor that has potential to mets.
A
malignant
24
three ways a cancer can spread
1) direct extension into surrounding tissue
2) lymphatic spread
3) hematologic spread
25
what is the SEED and SOIL hypothesis
each tumor type has a common pattern of spread or mets.
26
the area of healthy tissue surrounding tumor to "ensure" that all of the tumor was removed
clean margin
27
XRT
beams of photons hits tumor, excites them, breaks bonds and hopefully diminishes tumor
28
T/F. rapidly proliferating cells respond well to XRT (and quickly)
T
29
which type of cancers respond well to XRT
skin, GI tract, bone marrow, tumors
30
which type of treatment is XRT?
non-selective localized
31
the impact of XRT depends on two things
dose, radiation field
32
3 main types of radiation are
external beam, internal/brachytherapy, systemic
33
chemotherapy given before surgery
neoadjuvant
34
chemotherapy given after surgery
adjuvant
35
nonselective, systemic treatment for cancer
chemo
36
T/F. chemo has long term effects that include early onset cardiac issues
T
37
when MABs also carry chemo or radioactive particles with it to the cancer target site
conjugated
38
MABs target ___ on the cell surface of cancer cells
antigen
39
what is a MAB
immunoglobulin sequence that recognizes a specific antigen or protein on a cell surface
40
risk factors of cancer
inactivity, sun, age, obesity, hormones, viruses, tobacco, alcohol, poor diet, fam history
41
screening for cancer
CAUTIONS
42
two most common pediatric cancers
leukemia, brain ONS
43
how many malignant tumors of the brain or spinal cord diagnosed in 2013?
23,130
44
how many people die from CNS neoplasms/year?
14.080
45
T/F. primary brain tumors are more common than secondary brain tumors
Flase, secondary are more common
46
what is the chance of developing a malignant brain tumor or spinal cord tumor?
< 1%, lower for females
47
risk factors for CNS neoplasms
genetics, fam history, rare genetic disorder, NM disorders, environment, radiation
48
what is is called when CSF pressure is blocked?
vasogenic edema
49
tumor between the hemispheres, above brainstem and cerebellum
supratentorial
50
main symptom of tumor in cerebellum
ataxia
51
symptom of frontal lobe tumor
personality change
52
how many tumors are gliomas
3 in 10
53
what is the peak incidence of gliomas (bimodal)
2-10 years/45-55 years
54
what lobes does GBM occur primarily?
frontal and temporal lobes
55
peak age for GBM?
50-60
56
what is the 1 year survival rate of GBM?
50%
57
what is GBM 2 year survival rate?
<15%
58
what is the most common brain tumor in adults?
meningiomas
59
what sex are meningiomas more common?
F
60
what cells do neurinomas affect?
schwann cells
61
peak incidence age foro neurinomas
40-50
62
what is the most common manifestation in neurinomas
CN8 acoustic neuroma
63
what is the most common malignant tumor in children?
medulloblastoma
64
where does medulloblastoma occur?
vermis of cerebellum
65
where do medulloblastomas mets. to?
spinal cord
66
what is the 5 year survival rate?
>60% with good incision
67
what is the best tool for diagnosing brain tumors?
MRI
68
what tool is best for examining large tumors
CT scan
69
what tool is best used for differentiating between tumor and edema?
MRI
70
what tool is best for locating pertinent vasculature for surgery?
cerebral angiography
71
what tool is used when patients are under conscious sedation to access deep tumors
CT guided sterotactic needle biopsy
72
intrathecal chemotherapy is in which ventricle?
third ventricle, but placed in a lateral ventricle first
73
MS neoplasms often mets. in where?
lungs, bone, liver
74
what is the M:F ratio?
3:1 men
75
what are the risk factors for NM neoplasms?
radiation, toxins, chemo
76
MS tumors are either ___ or ____
osteoblastic, osteolytic
77
signs of MS tumor
pain, vague, edema, lump
78
what test is done first in diagnosing MS tumor?
radiograph
79
what test is superior for diagnosing lung mets. MS tumors?
CT scan
80
what test is superior for soft tissue lesions?
MRI
81
these lab tests are done as a work up for MS tumors
1) ESR (RBC rate)
2) ca
3) alkaline phosphatase
82
what system is used for classifying MS tumors?
TNM, tumor (0-4), nodal (0,1), mets. (0,1)
83
when majority of tumor is resected
marginal excision
84
tumor and surrounding area of clean tissue is excised
wide excision
85
what is the number one form of treatment for MS neoplasms?
chemo
86
what is the exception for MS neoplasms that XRT responds to
Ewing's sarcoma
87
what percent of all malignant tumors does osteosarcoma account for?
15-20%
88
what is the bimodal peak age for osteosarcoma
50, peak age is 15
89
osteosarcoma is often thought to be this
growing pains
90
what type of cells does osteosarcoma develop from?
osteoblast
91
risk factors for osteosarcoma
Paget's disease, radiation, chromosomal abnormalities
92
5 year cure rate for osteosarcoma
70-80 %
93
how is Ewing's sarcoma usually diagnosed?
lytic lesions on radiograph
94
prognosis for Ewing's sarcoma
5 year survival is > 70%
95
prognosis for osteosarcomas that mets in lungs
20-30% 5 year survival rate
96
which chromosomes are affected in Ewing's sarcoma ?
11 and 22
97
peak age for ES
<20
98
where are ES predominantly found
LE and pelvis
99
what sex is more likely to develop rhabdomyosarcoma and what is the peak age
M, 2-6/15-19
100
what is the 5 year survival rate for rhabdomyosarcoma?
50%
101
T/F all cells have a finite lifespan
T
102
acute leukemia is abnormal production of immature ___ or ____
myelocyte or granulocyte
103
AML is fatal in _-_ months if not treated
3-6
104
what percent is acute leukemia in children
80%
105
what is peak age for chronic leukemias
40
106
what is the peak age for AML
15
107
what percent with CML have the philadelphia chromosome
85%
108
what is the Philadelphia chromosome?
translocation of the long arm of chromosome 22 to chromosome 9
109
median survival w or w/o survival of CML
3 years
110
peak age for Hodgkin's lymphoma
18-35
111
ratio M:F of Hodgkin's lymphoma
3:2
112
what is cell characteristic found that differentiates between hodgkins and nonhodgkins lymphoma?
reed-sternberg (bi or multinucleated cell with large nuclei)
113
median age of onset of nonhodgkins lymphoma
50
114
three steps of chemo in treatment of liquid tumors
1) induction
2) conditioning
3) maintenance
115
two types bone marrow transplant
1) autologist
| 2) donor
