Oncology Flashcards
Hematopoiesis occurs via stepwise maturation of a [marker]-positive hematopoietic stem cell
Hematopoiesis occurs via stepwise maturation of a CD34-positive hematopoietic stem cell
Chemotherapy with alkylating agents can cause leukopenia due to damage to stem cells and decreased WBCs, especially _
Chemotherapy with alkylating agents can cause leukopenia due to damage to stem cells and decreased WBCs, especially neutrophils
[WBC change] is the earliest change seen after whole body radiation treatment
Lymphopenia is the earliest change seen after whole body radiation treatment
* Lymphocytes are highly sensitive to radiation
High cortisol states (exogenous corticosteroids or Cushing syndrome) can induce apoptosis of [immune cells]
High cortisol states (exogenous corticosteroids or Cushing syndrome) can induce apoptosis of lymphocytes
High cortisol states impair _ which can result in neutrophilic leukocytosis
High cortisol states impair leukocyte adhesion which can result in neutrophilic leukocytosis
* Causes the marginated pool of neutrophils to fall into the blood
Eosinophilia in the context of malignancy; think _
Eosinophilia in the context of malignancy; think hodgkin lymphoma
Basophilia in the context of malignancy; think _
Basophilia in the context of malignancy; think chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
EBV classically results in a _ leukocytosis comprised of reactive _ cells
EBV classically results in a lymphocytic leukocytosis comprised of reactive CD8+ cells
* EBV will infect the oropharynx, liver, and B cells
EBV causes lymphadenopathy due to T-cell hyperplasia in the [lymph node region]
EBV causes lymphadenopathy due to T-cell hyperplasia in the paracortex
* Recall outer cortex= B cells, paracortex= T cells
EBV causes splenomegaly due to T-cell hyperplasia in the [spleen region]
EBV causes splenomegaly due to T-cell hyperplasia in the periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS)
Dormancy of EBV in [cells] leads to increased risk for [malignancy]
Dormancy of EBV in B cells leads to increased risk for B-cell lymphoma
Acute leukemia can be defined as a neoplastic proliferation of blasts in the bone marrow (greater than _ percent blasts)
Acute leukemia can be defined as a neoplastic proliferation of blasts in the bone marrow (> 20% blasts)
Three general symptoms that are expected in acute leukemia include: _ , _ , _
Three general symptoms that are expected in acute leukemia include: anemia , bleeding , infection
* Due to blasts crowding out normal hematopoiesis resulting in fewer RBCs, platelets, neutrophils
Blasts tend to be [size], immature cells with [nuceloli]
Blasts tend to be large, immature cells with punched out nucleoli
* They will also have little cytoplasm
The neoplastic accumulation of lymphoblasts ( > 20% blasts) in the bone marrow is [specific cancer]
The neoplastic accumulation of lymphoblasts ( > 20% blasts) in the bone marrow is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
Cells in ALL will stain positive for _
Cells in ALL will stain positive for TdT
* TdT is a DNA polymerase found in the nucleus of lymphoblasts only
* It will not be found in myeloid blasts or mature lymphocytes
ALL is most common in [population]
ALL is most common in children
Of the ALLs, [type] is most common
Of the ALLs, B-ALL is most common
_ is usually characterized by lymphoblasts (TdT+) that express CD10, CD19, CD20
B-ALL is usually characterized by lymphoblasts (TdT+) that express CD10, CD19, CD20
T-ALL is characterized by lymphoblasts (TdT+) that express markers _
T-ALL is characterized by lymphoblasts (TdT+) that express markers CD2-CD8
B-ALL has an excellent response to chemo and good prognosis; however, it requires prophylaxis to the _ and _
B-ALL has an excellent response to chemo and good prognosis; however, it requires prophylaxis to the scrotum and CSF
* These are regions where the chemo can’t cross a BB or BT barrier
B-ALL in children is commonly associated with [translocation]
B-ALL in children is commonly associated with t(12;21)
* Good prognosis
B-ALL in adults has a poor prognosis and is associated with [translocation]
B-ALL in adults has a poor prognosis and is associated with t(9;22)
* This is Philadelphia+ ALL (classic translocation seen in CML)
T-ALL is most common in [population] with [presentation]
T-ALL is most common in teenagers with thymic (mediastinal) mass
* Will sometimes be called acute lymphoblastic lymphoma because the malignant cells form a mass
The neoplastic accumulation of myeloblasts ( > 20% blasts) in the bone marrow is [specific cancer]
The neoplastic accumulation of myeloblasts ( > 20% blasts) in the bone marrow is acute myeloid leukemia
Myeloblasts are usually characterized by positive cytoplasmic staining for _
Myeloblasts are usually characterized by positive cytoplasmic staining for myeloperoxidase (MPO)
* *Recall granulocytes are derived from myeloblasts and need MPO to kill microorganisms via oxygen dependent killing
Auer rods are crystal aggregates of _ and are found most commonly in _
Auer rods are crystal aggregates of MPO and are found most commonly in AML or APL
AML is most common in [population]
AML is most common in older adults (50-60s)
_ is a subclassification of AML that involves numerous auer rods and increases the risk for DIC
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a subclassification of AML that involves numerous auer rods and increases the risk for DIC
Acute promyelocytic leukemia is characterized by [translocation]
Acute promyelocytic leukemia is characterized by t(15;17)
APL involves a translocation of the _ on chromosome 17 to chromosome 15
APL involves a translocation of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) on chromosome 17 to chromosome 15
* Disrupting RAR blocks maturation and leads to accumulation of promyelocytes
Treatment for APL is with _
Treatment for APL is with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)
* Binds the altered RAR and causes blasts to mature and eventually die
_ is a subclassification of AML that involves infiltration of the gums
Acute monocytic leukemia is a subclassification of AML that involves infiltration of the gums
Acute monocytic leukemia involves the proliferation of monoblasts and usually lacks _
Acute monocytic leukemia involves the proliferation of monoblasts and usually lacks MPO
_ is a proliferation of megakaryoblasts; lack MPO
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia is a proliferation of megakaryoblasts; lack MPO
_ is associated with children with Down syndrome, usually after age 5
ALL is associated with children with Down syndrome, usually after age 5
_ is associated with children with Down syndrome, usually before age 5
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia is associated with children with Down syndrome, usually before age 5
* Subtype of AML
AML can occur secondary to pre-existing _ ; which usually involve cytopenias and are likely to kill the patient from bleeding or infection
AML can occur secondary to pre-existing myelodysplastic syndromes ; which usually involve cytopenias and are likely to kill the patient from bleeding or infection
AML can present in a patient following exposure to _
AML can present in a patient following exposure to alkylating agents or radiotherapy
_ is defined as neoplastic proliferation of mature circulating lymphocytes; characterized by a high WBC count
Chronic leukemia is defined as neoplastic proliferation of mature circulating lymphocytes; characterized by a high WBC count
The most common leukemia overall is _
The most common leukemia overall is chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is characterized by a neoplastic proliferation of naive B cells that co-express [marker] and [marker]
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is characterized by a neoplastic proliferation of naive B cells that co-express CD5 and CD20
* Recall that CD5 should normally only be found on T cells
Smudge cells on PBS are classic for [malignancy]
Smudge cells on PBS are classic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
* “Crushed little lymphocytes”
Peripheral blood smear of CLL will show increased _ and _
Peripheral blood smear of CLL will show increased lymphocytes and smudge cells
When CLL involves the lymph nodes and leads to generalized lymphadenopathy it is called _
When CLL involves the lymph nodes and leads to generalized lymphadenopathy it is called small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL)
Name (3) possible complications of CLL
Name (3) possible complications of CLL:
1. Hypogammaglobulinemia
2. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
3. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma transformation
Hairy cell leukemia involves neoplastic proliferation of [cells] characterized by [feature]
Hairy cell leukemia involves neoplastic proliferation of mature B cells characterized by hairy cytoplasmic processes
Hairy cell leukemia will be positive for _
Hairy cell leukemia will be positive for TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase)
Clinical features of hairy cell leukemia include [spleen] and _ on bone marrow aspiration, (with/without) lymphadenopathy
Clinical features of hairy cell leukemia include splenomegaly and dry tap on bone marrow aspiration, without lymphadenopathy
* Cells get TRAPed in the red pulp and bone marrow and can’t get to the lymph node
* Marrow fibrosis present
Hairy cell leukemia can be treated with adenosine deaminase inhibitor, _
Hairy cell leukemia can be treated with adenosine deaminase inhibitor, 2-CDA (cladribine)
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is a proliferation of [cells]
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is a proliferation of CD4+ T cells
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is associated with [virus]
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is associated with HTLV-1 (human T-cell leukemia virus-1)
Clinical features of Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma may resemble [malignancy]
Clinical features of Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma may resemble multiple myeloma
* Shared features: rash, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, lytic bone lesions with hypercalcemia
_ is a neoplastic proliferation of mature CD4+ T cells that infiltrate the skin, producing rash/plaques/nodules
Mycosis fungoides is a neoplastic proliferation of mature CD4+ T cells that infiltrate the skin, producing rash/plaques/nodules
Aggregates of neoplastic cells in the skin are called _ (in mycosis fungoides)
Aggregates of neoplastic cells in the skin are called Pautrier microabscesses (in mycosis fungoides)
When neoplastic mycosis fungoides cells spread to involve the blood it produces [syndrome]
When neoplastic mycosis fungoides cells spread to involve the blood it produces Sezary syndrome
Sezary syndrome is characterized by lymphocytes with _ nuclei on PBS
Sezary syndrome is characterized by lymphocytes with cerebriform nuclei on PBS
Myeloproliferative disorders are _
Myeloproliferative disorders are neoplastic proliferations of mature myeloid cells (all lineages are increased but classified by the dominant cell produced)
Complications of myeloproliferative disorders include _ and _ due to high cell turnover and progression to either marrow fibrosis or _
Complications of myeloproliferative disorders include hyperuricemia and gout due to high cell turnover and progression to either marrow fibrosis or AML
CML involves a proliferation of mature myeloid cells, especially _
CML involves a proliferation of mature myeloid cells, especially granulocytes and their precursors
* Recall that basophils are classically increased
CML is driven by a [translocation]
CML is driven by a t(9,22)
* Philadelphia chromosome
CML involves t(9:22) which generates a _ fusion protein with increased _ activity
CML involves t(9:22) which generates a BCR-ABL fusion protein with increased tyrosine kinase activity
First line treatment of CML is _
First line treatment of CML is imatinib
* Blocks tyrosine kinase activity
Splenomegaly is common with CML; however enlargement may suggest progression to _
Splenomegaly is common with CML; however enlargement may suggest progression to AML
* CML can progress to AML or ALL since the mutation is in a pluripotent stem cell
A reactive neutrophilic leukocytosis may also be called a _ reaction
A reactive neutrophilic leukocytosis may also be called a leukemoid reaction
Three ways to differentiate CML from leukemoid reaction
Three ways to differentiate CML from leukemoid reaction
1. Negative LAP stain (pos in functional neutrophils)
2. Increased basophils
3. t(9:22)
Polycythemia vera is a neoplastic proliferation of mature myeloid cells, especially _
Polycythemia vera is a neoplastic proliferation of mature myeloid cells, especially RBCs
* Granulocytes and platelets are also increased
Polycythemia vera is associated with a _ mutation
Polycythemia vera is associated with a JAK2 kinase mutation
Symptoms of PV are manifestations related to _
Symptoms of PV are manifestations related to hyperviscosity of blood
* Blurry vision, headache
* Risk of venous thrombosis (hepatic vein, portal vein, dural sinus)
* Flushed face due to congestion
* Itching, especially after bathing
First line treatment for PV is _ ; second line treatment is _
First line treatment for PV is phlebotomy ; second line treatment is hydroxyurea
In reactive polycythemia you would expect EPO to be _ , while in PV it should be _
In reactive polycythemia you would expect EPO to be increased , while in PV it should be decreased
SaO2 should be _ in PV but _ in reactive polycythemia
SaO2 should be normal in PV but low in reactive polycythemia
* Only reactive polycythemia is driven by a demand for oxygen
* In the case of ectopic EPO production from RCC EPO could be high and SaO2 normal
_ is a neoplastic proliferation of mature myeloid cells, especially platelets
Essential thrombocythemia is a neoplastic proliferation of mature myeloid cells, especially platelets
* RBCs and granulocytes also increased
Essential thrombocythemia is associated with _ mutations
Essential thrombocythemia is associated with JAK2 kinase mutations
Symptoms of ET are either related to an increase risk of _ or _
Symptoms of ET are either related to an increase risk of thrombosis or bleeding
* Although you have excess platelets, they become dysfunctional
Of the myeloproliferative diseases, _ is one that rarely progresses to marrow fibrosis or acute leukemia and is less likely to cause hyperuricemia or gout
Of the myeloproliferative diseases, essential thrombocytopenia is one that rarely progresses to marrow fibrosis or acute leukemia and is less likely to cause hyperuricemia or gout
Myleofibrosis is a neoplastic proliferation of mature myeloid cells, especially _ which have a role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis
Myleofibrosis is a neoplastic proliferation of mature myeloid cells, especially megakaryocytes which have a role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis
* 50% of cases due to JAK2 kinase mutations
Megakaryocytes produce excess _ causing the marrow fibrosis in myelofibrosis
Megakaryocytes produce excess platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) causing the marrow fibrosis in myelofibrosis
Myelofibrosis can be identified on PBS by the presence of _
Myelofibrosis can be identified on PBS by the presence of tear-drop RBCs, nucleated RBCs, immature granulocytes
Myelofibrosis patients are at increased risk of _ , _ , _ and splenomegaly due to _
Myelofibrosis patients are at increased risk of infection , thrombosis , bleeding and splenomegaly due to extramedullary hematopoiesis
Painful lymphadenopathy is more often seen in cases of _
Painful lymphadenopathy is more often seen in cases of acute lymphadenitis from infection
* Therefore more likely to be benign
Painless lymphadenopathy can be seen with chronic inflammation, metastatic carcinoma, or _
Painless lymphadenopathy can be seen with chronic inflammation, metastatic carcinoma, or lymphoma
Lymphoma is a neoplastic proliferation of _
Lymphoma is a neoplastic proliferation of lymphoid cells that forms a mass
* May arise in lymph node or extranodal tissue
Lymphoma can be divided into _ (60%) or _ (40%)
Lymphoma can be divided into NHL (60%) or HL (40%)
Categorize the types of NHL by cell size
- Small B cells- follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, small lymphocytic lymphoma
- Intermediate-sized B cells- Burkitt lymphoma
- Large B cells- diffuse large B cell lymphoma
NHL more often arises in [age]
NHL more often arises in late adulthood
HL more often arises in [age]
HL more often arises in young adults
(NHL/ HL) tends to spread diffusely, often extranodal
NHL tends to spread diffusely, often extranodal
HL tends to spread _
HL tends to spread contiguously, rarely extranodal
Small B cell malignancies are neoplastic proliferation of [marker] B cells that expand the region for which they are named
Small B cell malignancies are neoplastic proliferation of CD20+ B cells that expand the region for which they are named
* Ex: follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma
* Will commonly present late in adulthood and with painless lymphadenopathy
Follicular lymphoma is driven by [translocation]
Follicular lymphoma is driven by t(14;18)
In follicular lymphoma, _ on chromosome 18 translocates to the _ on chromosome 14
In follicular lymphoma, BCL2 on chromosome 18 translocates to the Ig heavy chain on chromosome 14
* This results in an overexpression of BCL2 since the Ig heavy chain locus on chromosome 14 is a highly active region
A functional BCL2 will _ apoptosis of cells
A functional BCL2 will block apoptosis of cells
BCL2 _ the mitochondrial membrane and prohibits _ from leaking into the cytoplasm
BCL2 stabilizes the mitochondrial membrane and prohibits cytochrome c from leaking into the cytoplasm
* Blocking apoptosis
It is problematic to overexpress BCL2 in the follicle because _
It is problematic to overexpress BCL2 in the follicle because cells that fail somatic hypermutation are not able to be killed by apoptosis
Treatment for follicular lymphoma is reserved for patients who are symptomatic and involves low dose chemo or _ (anti-CD20 antibody)
Treatment for follicular lymphoma is reserved for patients who are symptomatic and involves low dose chemo or Rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody)
Tingible body macrophages will be _ in the germinal centers in follicular lymphoma
Tingible body macrophages will be absent in the germinal centers in follicular lymphoma
* Distinguishing feature from reactive follicular hyperplasia when there is apoptosis occuring still (macrophages react to clean up debris)
* Also lose normal architecture and polyclonality
Mantle cell lymphoma is driven by [translocation]
Mantle cell lymphoma is driven by t(11;14)
In mantle cell lymphoma, _ on chromosome 11 translocates to _ on chromosome 14
In mantle cell lymphoma, cyclin D1 on chromosome 11 translocates to Ig heavy chain locus on chromosome 14
Overexpression of cyclin D1 in mantle cell lymphoma promotes _
Overexpression of cyclin D1 in mantle cell lymphoma promotes G1/S transition allowing neoplastic proliferation
* Cyclin D phosphorylates (with help of cyclin dependent kinase)
The marginal zone is formed by post-germinal center B cells and so lymphoma here is associated with _
The marginal zone is formed by post-germinal center B cells and so lymphoma here is associated with chronic inflammatory states
* ex: Hashimoto thyroiditis, Sjogren, H pylori
MALToma is a [malignancy] at mucosal sites
MALToma is a marginal zone lymphoma at mucosal sites
* Gastric MALToma may regress with treatment of H pylori
Burkitt lymphoma is an intermediate B cell lymphoma associated with _ that classically presents in [age]
Burkitt lymphoma is an intermediate B cell lymphoma associated with EBV that classically presents in child or young adult with extranodal mass
The African form of Burkitt lymphoma usually involves the _ while the sporatic form involves the _
The African form of Burkitt lymphoma usually involves the jaw while the sporatic form involves the abdomen
_ is the most common translocation associated with Burkitt lymphoma
t(8;14) is the most common translocation associated with Burkitt lymphoma
Burkitt lymphoma is associated with a translocation of _ to the Ig heavy chain locus on chromosome 14
Burkitt lymphoma is associated with a translocation of c-myc to the Ig heavy chain locus on chromosome 14
* c-myc is an oncogene that promotes cell growth
_ is characterized by a high mitotic index and starry-sky appearance on microscopy
Burkitt lymphoma is characterized by a high mitotic index and starry-sky appearance on microscopy
There is a risk, particularly in _ patients of progression to diffuse large B cell lymphoma
There is a risk, particularly in follicular lymphoma patients of progression to diffuse large B cell lymphoma
* Presents as an enlarging lymph node
The most common form of NHL is _
The most common form of NHL is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
* These cells grow diffusely in sheets and are poorly differentiated
* Clinically aggressive and high grade cancer
Hodgkin lymphoma is a neoplastic proliferation of large B cells with multilobed nuceli and prominent nucleoli, which are called _
Hodgkin lymphoma is a neoplastic proliferation of large B cells with multilobed nuceli and prominent nucleoli, which are called Reed-Sternberg cells
Reed-Sternberg cells are classically positive for [marker] and [marker]
Reed-Sternberg cells are classically positive for CD15 and CD30
Reed-Sternberg cells secrete _ which can result in B symptoms, attract other immune cells, and sometimes lead to fibrosis
Reed-Sternberg cells secrete cytokines which can result in B symptoms, attract other immune cells, and sometimes lead to fibrosis
The bulk of the tumor in HL is made up by _
The bulk of the tumor in HL is made up by reactive inflammatory cells
* Whcih are recruited via reed-sternberg cells secreting cytokines
* Versus NHL the whole mass is made up by the malignant cells
Name (4) subtypes of HL
Name (4) subtypes of HL
1. Nodular sclerosis
2. Lymphocyte-rich
3. Mixed cellularity
4. Lymphocyte-depleted
The most common subtype of HL (70% of cases) is _
The most common subtype of HL (70% of cases) is nodular sclerosis
Of all types of HL, _ has the best prognosis
Of all types of HL, lymphocyte-rich has the best prognosis
* Lymphocyte depleted is the most aggressive type and usually seen in older adults or HIV positive individuals
Young adult female presents with an enlarging cervical or mediastinal lymph node; histology shows lymph node divided by bands of sclerosis; Reed-sternberg cells are present in lake-like spaces; what’s the diagnosis?
Young adult female presents with an enlarging cervical or mediastinal lymph node; histology shows lymph node divided by bands of sclerosis; Reed-sternberg cells are present in lake-like spaces; Nodular sclerosis HL
Multiple myeloma is a malignant proliferation of [cells] in the bone marrow
Multiple myeloma is a malignant proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow
The most common primary malignancy of the bone is _ but the most common malignant lesion of the bone overall is _
The most common primary malignancy of the bone is multiple myeloma but the most common malignant lesion of the bone overall is metastatic cancer
Multiple myeloma may be associated with high [cytokine levels] which stimulates plasma cell growth and Ig production
Multiple myeloma may be associated with high IL-6 which stimulates plasma cell growth and Ig production
Clinical features of multiple myeloma can be remembered with the mneumonic _
Clinical features of multiple myeloma can be remembered with the mneumonic CRAB
The bone pain and hypercalcemia in multiple myeloma is mediated by _ activation via neoplastic plasma cells
The bone pain and hypercalcemia in multiple myeloma is mediated by RANK receptor activation via neoplastic plasma cells
* Recall that rank receptors are found on osteoclasts
_ are classic on x-ray of multiple myeloma
Lytic “punched out” lesions are classic on x-ray of multiple myeloma
* Specifically of the vertebrae and skull
_ is a classic finding on serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) for multiple myeloma
M spike is a classic finding on serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) for multiple myeloma
* Neoplastic plasma cells are producing immunoglobulin
* M spike represents albumin and Ig
Multiple myeloma is associated with increased serum proteins, specifically [Immunoglobulin]
Multiple myeloma is associated with increased serum proteins, specifically IgG or IgA
The most common cause of death in multiple myeloma is _
The most common cause of death in multiple myeloma is infection
* Increased risk of infection because the monoclonal antibodies lack antigenic diversity
Increased serum protein in multiple myeloma has the effect of _ on RBCs
Increased serum protein in multiple myeloma has the effect of decreasing charge between RBCs
* Leads to rouleaux formation
In multiple myeloma, free light chains circulate in the serum and deposit in the tissues causing [amyloidosis]
In multiple myeloma, free light chains circulate in the serum and deposit in the tissues causing primary AL amyloidosis
Myeloma kidney is a build up of _ in the kidney tubules that can lead to renal failure
Myeloma kidney is a build up of free light chain in the kidney tubules that can lead to renal failure
In MM, free light chain is excreted in the urine as _ protein
In MM, free light chain is excreted in the urine as Bence Jones protein
Increased serum protein with M spike on SPEP but no other features of multiple myeloma is diagnostic of _
Increased serum protein with M spike on SPEP but no other features of multiple myeloma is diagnostic of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)
* No lytic bone lesions, hypercalcemia, AL amyloid, or Bence Jones proteinuria
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is most common in [age]
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is most common in elderly
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is a B cell lymphoma with monoclonal [immunoglobulin] production
Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is a B cell lymphoma with monoclonal IgM production
* IgM pentamers are very large = MACROglobulinemia
All of the clinical manifestations of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia are a result of [hematologic effect] due to high IgM
All of the clinical manifestations of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia are a result of hyperviscosity due to high IgM
* Generalized lymphadenopathy
* M spike
* Visual and neuro deficits (retinal hemorrhages or strokes)
* Bleeding from defective platelet aggregation
Acute complications of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia are treated with _
Acute complications of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia are treated with plasmapheresis
* To remove IgM from the serum
_ is a neoplastic proliferation of Langerhan cells
Langerhan cell histiocytosis is a neoplastic proliferation of Langerhan cells
* Recall that Langerhan cells are specialized dendritic cells primarily in the skin
* Derived from bone marrow monocytes
Langerhans cell histiocytosis is [marker] and [marker] positive on immunohistochemistry
Langerhans cell histiocytosis is CD1a+ and S-100+ positive on immunohistochemistry
Langerhans cell histiocytosis has classic [finding] on electron microscopy
Langerhans cell histiocytosis has classic Birbeck (tennis racket) on electron microscopy
Leukemias can be [cells] while lymphomas are [cells]
Leukemias can be myeloid or lymphoid while lymphomas are lymphoid
Leukemias typically present with CBC abnormalities while lymphomas tend to present with _
Leukemias typically present with CBC abnormalities while lymphomas tend to present with lymphadenopathy
* There is overlap!
(Lymphoma/leukemia) is a discrete tumor mass arising from lymph nodes
Lymphoma is a discrete tumor mass arising from lymph nodes
