oncology Flashcards
what are the 4 surgical options for cancers?
- radical - Entire compartment or structure containing mass (limb, muscle, bone) - can be for pain relief
- curative intent - 2-3cm lateral margins and one fascial plane
- marginal - removing all the mass within pseudocapsule
- cytoreductive - removing the bulk of disease within pseudocapsule
what is the staging used for solid tumours?
- T - Tumour
- N - lymph Node (regional)
- M - distant Metastasis (other organs)
what are the features of a high grade tumour?
- higher mitotic count
- poorly differentiated
- locally invasive
- nuclear/cellular atypia
- necrosis- tumour grows quickly, and exceeds blood supply, therefore cells in the middle die
what are canine MCT graded on and what are the two gradign systems?
Two grading systems in common use - Grading on histopathology (not FNA)
Evaluation of proliferative activity per high power field:
* Mitotic index
* Multinucleated cells
* Atypical nuclei (shape and size)
* Guided by anisokaryosis
Ki67 protein – indirect marker of proliferation
Patnaik (older)
* Grade I (benign)
* Grade II (intermediate) - Unpredictable could be either
* Grade III (malignant)
Kiupel (newer)
* Low-grade
* High-grade
what type of neoplasia are mast cells?
myeloid
summarise felime MCT
Cutaneous form
* If well-differentiated may act benign
Visceral form – poorer prognosis
* Spleen, LN, liver
* Intestine may be diffuse
- No grading system currently available
- Association between mitotic index and survival time
what myeloid neoplasia can regress by itself?
Histiocytoma
* Common neoplasm in small animal practice
* Young dogs (< 2 years)
* Classically benign
* Can regress independently over several weeks
◦ will bleed and crack when they regress
- But use caution when advising clients
◦ Mast cell tumour can look a lot like histiocytoma - management of this is very different
What’s so bad about mast cell tumours? What breeds are most susceptible?
boxers, labradors, golden retrievers, staffies, boston terriers, pugs
