Oncology

Question 1

PSA levels may be raised in what circumstances other than prostate cancer?

Answer 1

UTI, recent vigorous exercise, recent ejaculation, BPH

Question 2

Chemical castration in prostate cancer is achieved by what class of medications?

Answer 2

LHRH analogues or antagonists
E.g. Zoladex, Trelstar

Question 3

AFP is a tumour marker for what type of tumour?

Answer 3

Teratoma

Question 4

Beta hCG is a tumour marker for what type of tumour?

Answer 4

Seminoma

Question 5

LDH is a marker for what?

Answer 5

Non specific tumour burden

Question 6

Orchiectomy can lead to what side effect?

Answer 6

Reduced fertility
- advise pre surgery sperm banking

Question 7

A lump in the testis is what until proven otherwise?

Answer 7

Testicular cancer

Question 8

Radical orchidectomy can be performed in what type of cancer?

Answer 8

Local testicular cancer

Question 9

AFP is often raised in what type of cancers?

Answer 9

Testicular, hepatocellular, GI, metastatic lung
- note also raised in pregnancy

Question 10

Which 3 tumour markers are often used in testicular cancer?

Answer 10

AFP, beta hCG, LDH

Question 11

Which imaging investigation should be initially carried out in suspected testicular cancer?

Answer 11

USS testicle

Question 12

Gleason score of 8-10 indicates what?

Answer 12

Poorly differentiated/high grade prostate tumour

Question 13

Gleason score of 6 or less indicates what?

Answer 13

Well differentiated/low grade prostate tumour

Question 14

What is the definitive investigation for confirming prostate cancer?

Answer 14

Ultrasound guided biopsy

Question 15

Testicular cancer most commonly metastasises to which group of lymph nodes?

Answer 15

Para-aortic