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BM4 Part 1 > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Benign

A

Does not invade neighbouring tissues, does not metastasise, but can grow locally to significant size.

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2
Q

Malignant

A

Uncontrolled proliferation of cells with the capacity to invade locally and spread to distant sites (metastasise).

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3
Q

Carcinoma

A

Arises from epithelial cells (ectodermal or endodermal cells).

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4
Q

Sarcoma

A

Arises from bone/cartilage/connective tissue/muscles (mesodermal cells).

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5
Q

Leukaemia and lymphoma

A

Arises from cells of the bone marrow and immune system.

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6
Q

Glioma

A

Arises from cells of the brain and spinal cord.

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7
Q

Tumour

A

Primarily used to denote abnormal growth of tissue (literally means ‘swelling’).

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8
Q

Lesion

A

Non-specific term referring to abnormal tissue in the body.

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9
Q

Polyp

A

An abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane (can be pedunculated or sessile).

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10
Q

Ulcer

A

Macroscopic discontinuity of the normal epithelium.

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11
Q

Dysplasia

A

Abnormality in the appearance of cells and is an early step in neoplastic transformation.

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12
Q

Neoplasia

A

Abnormal, disorganised growth in a tissue or organ, usually forming a distinct mass.

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13
Q

Name 4 cellular changes that are typical of malignant transformation.

A

Enlarged, abnormally shaped (pleomorphic) nuclei or conspicuous nucleoli.
Increased mitotic activity.
Disordered tissue structure.
Tissue invasion.

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14
Q

At what weight is absolute cancer mass not compatible with life?

A

> 2 kg.

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15
Q

What size of mass is visible on CT?

A

> 5 mm.

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16
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Same side.

17
Q

Contralateral

A

Opposite side.

18
Q

Protooncogene

A

Involved in the control of cell proliferation or differentiation.

19
Q

Tumour suppressor gene

A

Involved in regulation of cell growth/cycle, induces repair or apoptosis of cells with damaged DNA.

20
Q

What are the newer agents for cancer treatments?

A

Monoclonal antibodies, small molecules, immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates, CAR-T, bispecific antibodies.

21
Q

What does triple negative breast cancer mean?

A

Estrogen Receptor negative, Progesterone receptor negative and HER-2 negative.

22
Q

Axillary Node Clearance

A

Lymph nodes under the armpit are removed during surgery if they are known to have cancer.

23
Q

Mastectomy

A

Surgical removal of all breast tissue (can be bilateral or unilateral).

24
Q

Lumpectomy

A

Surgical removal of cancerous tissue and small amount of surrounding healthy tissue. Can also be referred to as a wide local excision.

25
Q

Incidence

A

How many new cases of a disease.

26
Q

Prevalence

A

How many people currently have the disease.

27
Q

Morbidity

A

State of having a disease.

28
Q

Sentinel Node Biopsy

A

If axilla looks normal on all pre-operative testing, will take this to determine definitively if the cancer has spread to the lymph glands.

29
Q

What cell types do a carcinoma relate to?

A

Epithelial

30
Q

Mortality

A

Rate of death caused by a disease.

31
Q

What cell types do a sarcoma relate to?

A

Mesenchymal/connective tissue

32
Q

What types of tissues are mesenchymal?

A

Smooth muscle
Striated muscle
Adipose tissue
Blood vessels
Bone
Cartilage
Mesothelium
Synovium

33
Q

What is an adenoma?

A

A benign tumour within glandular tissue (e.g. thyroid adenoma)

34
Q

What are the potential local effects of tumours (benign and malignant)?

A

Compression
Obstruction
Ulceration and haemorrhage
Rupture/perforation

35
Q

What is the role of tumour suppressor genes?

A

Inhibit cell growth or promote apoptosis

36
Q

What are the 3 gatekeeper tumour suppressor genes?

A

p53
RB1
APC

37
Q

What is the role of proto-oncogenes?

A

Promote cell proliferation

38
Q

What are the routes of tumour spread?

A

Direct
Lymphatic
Venous
Transcoelomic
CSF

39
Q

Cachexia

A

Triad of weight loss, general malaise and lethargy

BM4 Part 1 (11 decks)

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