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BM4 Part 1 > Biochemistry > Flashcards

Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

G1 Phase

A

Cell grows, organelles duplicate.

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2
Q

S Phase

A

Chromosome duplicates to sister chromatids (DNA synthesis).

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3
Q

G2 Phase

A

Cell grows and proteins are synthesised in preparation for mitosis.

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4
Q

What are the 3 gene classes involved in cancer?

A

Proto-oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes and DNA repair genes.

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5
Q

How can DNA damage occur?

A

Chemicals, toxins, endogenous metabolism, UV.

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6
Q

What are the 7 stages of mitosis?

A

Interphase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

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7
Q

Interphase

A

Loosely coiled replicated sister chromatids.

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8
Q

Prophase

A

Sister chromatids condense and nuclear envelope dissolves.

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9
Q

Prometaphase

A

Spindle fibres attach to sister chromatids.

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10
Q

Metaphase

A

Sister chromatids align at the equator of the mitotic spindle.

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11
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres divide and sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell.

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12
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes decondense.

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13
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm divides to produce two daughter cells.

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14
Q

Consanguineous

A

Refers to marriage or a reproductive relationship between two closely related individuals.

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15
Q

Haploinsufficiency

A

One normal allele is insufficient for normal function.

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16
Q

Penetrance

A

The likelihood of a phenotype manifesting itself in an individual who has a disease-causing genotype.

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17
Q

Expressivity

A

The severity of the manifesting phenotype.

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18
Q

What are the 3 ways that a cell can adapt to its environment?

A

Increased cellular activity.
Decreased cellular activity.
Alteration in cell morphology.

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19
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in cell size.

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20
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell number.

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21
Q

Atrophy

A

Reduction in size or number of cells.

22
Q

Metaplasia

A

Adaptive response to a change in environment, where one mature cell type differentiates into another new mature cell type.

23
Q

Hypoplasia

A

Developmental abnormality leading to a reduction in the number of cells.

24
Q

Neoplasia

A

New growth of cells caused by genetic mutations.

25
Q

Ectopia

A

A.K.A heterotopia.
Presence of normal-looking tissue in the wrong place as a developmental abnormality.

26
Q

Where does fatty acid beta oxidation occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix.

27
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors, occurring when there is a shortage of glucose available.

28
Q

Lipogenesis

A

Synthesis of fatty acids and triglyceride using glucose as a substrate.

29
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

The coupling of electron transport with ATP synthesis.

30
Q

What is android fat?

A

Abdominal/central fat where fat stores accumulate around the abdominal region - associated with higher visceral fat and increased risks of e.g. CVD, T2DM etc.

31
Q

What is gynoid fat?

A

Fat that accumulates around the hips and is less associated with increased risks of e.g. CVD, T2DM etc.

32
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta mechanism

A

Group of heritable disorders of the synthesis of collage type 1
Known as ‘brittle bone disease’

33
Q

Functions of the cytoskeleton

A

Maintain cell shape
Enables cellular motion
Intracellular transport
Cellular division

34
Q

Karyolysis

A

Nuclear fading - dissolution of chromatin due to action of DNAses and RNAses

35
Q

Pykinosis

A

Nuclear shrinkage - DNA condenses into shrunken basophilic mass

36
Q

Karyorrhexis

A

Nuclear fragmentation - Pyknotic nuclei membrane ruptures and nuclear undergoes formation

37
Q

Coagulative necrosis

A

Typically due to severe ischaemia - occurs in solid organs (e.g. MI)

38
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

Typically occurs in the brain due to hydrolytic enzyme release. Can occur after superadded bacterial infection.

39
Q

Caseous necrosis

A

Seen in tuberculosis (cheese-like)

40
Q

Fat necrosis

A

Typically in breast and pancreas

41
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis

A

Commonly occurs in damaged arteries (e.g. vasculitis)

42
Q

Haemorrhagic necrosis

A

Dead tissue packed with extravasated RBCs. Can be due to blocked venous drainage leading to massive congestion and subsequent arterial perfusion failure.

43
Q

Dry Gangrene

A

Coagulative type necrosis with little/no infection (rare)

44
Q

Wet Gangrene

A

Tissue infected with Gram negative bacteria

45
Q

Infarction

A

Necrosis due to ischaemia

46
Q

Hypoxic Cell Injury

A

Lack of oxygen leads to decreased oxidative phosphorylation and therefore decreased ATP. This causes membrane damage (with rupture of lysosomes and ER)

47
Q

At what temperature do irreversible changes accumulate rapidly in human cells?

A

43 C

48
Q

3 stages of apoptosis

A

Initiation
Execution
Disposal

49
Q

Apoptosis Initiation

A

Stimulated by bax protein and pores form in mitochondrial membrane

50
Q

Apoptosis Execution

A

Activation of initiator and execution caspases which lead to endonuclease activation, breakdown of cytoskeleton and apoptotic body formation

51
Q

Apoptosis Disposal

A

Phagocytosis by macrophages and/or adjacent epithelial cells

52
Q

Autolysis

A

Death of cells due to release of digestive enzymes from inside the cell (lysosome). Occurs after death of the whole organism or removal from an organism.

BM4 Part 1 (11 decks)

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