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oncogenic microbes and carcinogens Flashcards

1
Q

oncogenic microbes - types

A
  1. EBV 2. HBV 3. HCV 4. HHV-8
  2. HPV 6. H. pylori 7. HTLV-1
  3. Liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis)
  4. Schistosoma hamatobium
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2
Q

neoplasm - H. pylori causes

A
  1. Gastric adenocarcinomas

2. MALT lymphomas

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3
Q

neoplasm - HCV causes

neoplasm - HBV causes

A

hepatocellular carcinoma + LYMPHOMA

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4
Q

neoplasm - HHV-8 causes

A

kaposi sarcoma

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5
Q

neoplasm - Liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis)

A

cholangiocarcinoma

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6
Q

neoplasm - Schistosoma hamatobium causes

A

Bladder cancer (SCC)

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7
Q

neoplasm - HTLV-1 causes

A

adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

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8
Q

neoplasm - HPV causes

A
  1. cervical and penil/anal carcinoma (types 16 and 18)

2. head and neck cancer

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9
Q

neoplasm - EBV causes

A
  1. Burkitt lymphoma
  2. Hodgkin lymphoma
  3. nasopharyngeal carcinoma
  4. primary CNS lymphoma (in immunocompromised patients)
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10
Q

aflatoxin source

A

Aspergillus

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11
Q

carcinogens - aflatoxins (Aspergillus) causes

A

hepatocellular carcinoma

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12
Q

carcinogens - Alkylating agens causes

A

leukemia/lymphoma

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13
Q

carcinogens - aromatic amines causes (and examples)

A

Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

benzidine, 2- naphthylamine

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14
Q

aromatic amines - examples

A
  • benzidine

- 2- naphthylamine

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15
Q

carcinogens - arsenic causes

A
  1. angiosarcoma of the liver
  2. lung cancer
  3. SCC of the skin
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16
Q

carcinogens - asbestos causes

A

Bronchogenic ca> mesothelioma

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17
Q

carcinogens - vinyl chloride

A

liver angiosarcoma

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18
Q

carcinogens - Radon causes

A

lung cancer

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19
Q

carcinogens - carbon tetrachloride causes

A

LIVER - centilobular necrosis, fatty changes

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20
Q

carcinogens - Nitrosamines - examples

A

smoked foods

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21
Q

carcinogens - Nitrosamines causes

A

gastric cancer

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22
Q

carcinogens - ionizing radiation

A

papillary thyroid carcinoma

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23
Q

carcinogens - ethanols

A
  1. SCC of esophagus

2. hepatocellular carcinoma

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24
Q

carcinogens - cigarrete smoke causes

A
  1. transitional cell ca of bladder
  2. cervical ca
  3. SCC of esophagus
  4. adenoca of esophagus
  5. Renal cell ca
  6. SCC of the larync
  7. SCC of the lung
  8. small cell ca of the lung
  9. pancreatic adenoca
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25
Q

cholangiocarcinoma - microbe

A

chlonorchis sinensis

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26
Q

head and neck cancer - microbe

A

HPV

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27
Q

nasopharyngeal carcinoma - microbe

A

EBV

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28
Q

carcinogens that cause angiosarcoma of the liver

A
  1. arsenic

2. vinyl chloride

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29
Q

carcinogens that cause hepatocellular carcimoma

A
  1. aflatoxin (Aspergillus)

2. ethanol

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30
Q

carcinogens that cause tramsitional cell carcinoma of the bladder

A
  1. Cigarette smoke

2. Aromatic amines

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31
Q

carcinogens that cause esophagus cancer

A
  1. ethanol (SCC)

2. cigarrete smoke (SCC,adenoca)

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32
Q

MCC of lung cancer

2nd MC

A
  1. smoking cigarrete

2. radon

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33
Q

carcinogens that cause lung cancer

A
  1. smoking cigarrete
  2. radon
  3. asbestos
  4. arsenic
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34
Q

carcinogens that cause stomach cancer

A

nitrosamines (smoked foods)

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35
Q

carcinogens that cause blood cancer

A

alkylating agents

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36
Q

neoplasms that produce PTHrp

A
  1. SCC of the lung
  2. renal cell carcinoma
  3. breast cancer
  4. bladder
  5. ovarian
  6. head and neck
37
Q

neoplasms that produce erythropoietin

A 
1. Renal cell carcinoma 
2, hemangioblastoma
3. hepatocellular carcinoma 
4. leiomyoma 
5. pheochromocytoma
38
Q

neoplasm associated with Lambert-Eaton syndrome

A

small cell carcinoma of the lung

39
Q

neoplasms that produce ADH (SIADH)

A
  1. small cell carcinoma of the lung

2. intracranial neoplasms

40
Q

neoplasms that produce ACTH (cushing syndrome)

A
  1. small cell carcinoma of the lung

2. renal cell carcinoma

41
Q

neoplasms that produce 1,25-(OH)2D3 (calcitriol)

42
Q

pheochromocytoma - paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

erythropoietin (polycythemia)

43
Q

small cell carcinoma of the lung - paraneoplastic syndrome?

A
  1. ACTH
  2. SIADH
  3. Lambert-Eaton syndrome
44
Q

renal cell carcinoma - paraneoplastic syndrome?

A
  1. ACTH
  2. Erythropoietin
  3. PTHrP
  4. renin
45
Q

leiomyoma - paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

erythropoietin

46
Q

Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma - paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

1,25-(OH)2D3 (calcitriol)

47
Q
  1. tumor markers should not be used as

2. tumor markers may be used to

A
  1. the first tool for cancer diagnosis or screening

2. monitor tumor recurrence and response to therapy

48
Q

definitive diagnosis of tumor is usually made by

49
Q

tumor markers - chromogranin?

A

neuroendocrine tumors/carcinoid

50
Q

PSA is elavated in

A
  1. prostate cancer
  2. BPH
  3. prostatitis
51
Q

tumor markers - CA125

A

ovarian cancer

52
Q

tumor markers - CA19-9

A

pancreatic adenocarcinoma

53
Q

tumor markers - calcitonin

A

medullary thyroid cancer

54
Q

tumor markers - CA 15-3

A

breast cancer

55
Q

tumor markers - CA 27-29

A

breast cancer

56
Q

tumor markers - CEA - characteristic

A

very non specific

57
Q

tumor markers - CEA

A
  1. colorectal ca (70%)
  2. pancreatic ca (70%)
  3. gastric ca
  4. breast ca
  5. medullary thyroid ca
58
Q

tumor markers - β-hCG

A 
1. hydatidiform moles
2 .Chroriocarcinomas 
3. testicular ca
4. mixed germ line tumor 
5. Dysgerminoma 
6. Large cell Ca of lung
59
Q

tumor markers - alkaline phosphatase

A
  1. metastasis to bone
  2. metastasis to liver
  3. seminoma (placental alkaline phosphatase)
  4. Paget disease of the bone
60
Q

tumor markers - a-fetoprotein

A
  1. hepatocellular ca
  2. hepatoblastoma
  3. yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor
  4. mixed germ cell tumor
61
Q

a-fetoprotein - is normally made by

A

fetus –> transiently elevated in pregnancy

62
Q

a-fetoprotein in pregnancy

A

high levels –> neural tube and abdominal wall defects

low levels –> Down syndrome/Patatu (13)/Edwards (18)

63
Q

high levels of a fetoprotein in pregnancy

A

neural tube and abdominal wall defects

64
Q

breast cancer tumor markers

A
  1. CEA
  2. CA 27-29
  3. CA 15-3
65
Q

Psammoma bodies appearance

A

laminated, concentric spherules with dystrophic calcification

66
Q

Psammoma bodies are seen in

A
  1. papillary carcinoma of thyroid
  2. serous papillary cistadenocarcinoma of ovary
  3. meningioma
  4. malignant mesothelioma
67
Q

pancreas cancer - tumor marker

A
  1. CA 19-9

2. CEA

68
Q

Neuroenocrine tumors/carcinoid

A

chromogranin

69
Q

breast cancer tumor markers

A
  1. CEA
  2. CA 27-29
  3. CA 15-3
70
Q

pancreatic cancer - tumor markers

A
  1. CEA

2. CA 19-9

71
Q

medullary thyroid carcinoma - tumor markers

A
  1. CEA

2. calcitonin

72
Q

tumor markers - alkaline phosphatase - tumor?

A
  1. metastasis to bone
  2. metastasis to liver
  3. seminoma (placental alkaline phosphatase)
73
Q

mixed germ cell tumor - tumor markers

A
  1. a-fetoprotein

2. β-hCG

74
Q

carcinomas that spread hematogeneously

A
  1. hepatocellular
  2. renal cell
  3. follicular thyroid
  4. choriocarcinoma
75
Q

Cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes

A
  1. Acanthosis nigricans

2. Leser trelat

76
Q

acanthosis nigricans - indicates

A
  1. visceral malignancy

2. insulin resistance

77
Q

Leser-Trelat sign?

A

sudden appearance of multiple seborrheic keratosis indicating an underling malignancy

78
Q

pure anemia as a paranaeoplastic syndrome - MCC

79
Q

Good syndrome? - as a paranaeoplastic syndrome - MCC

A
  • hypogammaglobulinemia

- Thymoma

80
Q

Trousseau syndrome? as a paranaeoplastic syndrome - MCC?

A
  • Migratory superficial thrombophlibitis

- Adenocarcinomas, esp pancreatic

81
Q

Nonbacterial thrombotic (marantic endocarditis)? as a paranaeoplastic syndrome - MCC?

A
  • deposition of sterile platelet thrombi on heart valves

- Adenocarcinomas, esp pancreatic

82
Q

Myasthenia gravis as a paranaeoplastic syndrome - MCC?

83
Q

Lambert-Eaton as a paranaeoplastic syndrome - MCC?

A

small cell lung ca

84
Q

Paraneoplastic encephalomyelitis? as a paranaeoplastic syndrome - MCC?

A
  • Antibodies against Hu antigens in neurons

- small cell lung ca

85
Q

Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration? as a paranaeoplastic syndrome - MCC?

A
  • Antibodies against Hu, Yo and Tr antigens in Purkinje cells
  • small cell lung ca, gynecologic and breast ca, Hodgkin
86
Q

Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis? as a paranaeoplastic syndrome - MCC?

A

Psychiatric disturbances, ,e,ory deficits, seizures, dyskenisias, autonomic instability, language dysfunction
ovarian teratoma

87
Q

Opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome as a paranaeoplastic syndrome - MCC?

A

Neuroblastoma (children)

small cell lung ca (adults)

88
Q

ovarian Ca - paraneoplastic

A
  1. Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis (ovarian teratoma)

2. PTHrp

Pathology FA (4 decks)

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