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neoplasia general Flashcards

1
Q

Hallmarks of cancer

A
  1. evasion of apoptosis
  2. growth signal cell-sufficiency
  3. anti-growth signal insensitivity
  4. sustained angiogenesis
  5. limitless replicative potential
  6. tissue invasion
  7. metastasis
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2
Q

neoplastic progression

A

normal cells –> dysplasia –> Ca in situ –> invasive Ca

–> metastasis

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3
Q

hyperplasia?

A

increase in cell numbers

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4
Q

normal epithelial cells - from basal to apical

A

differentiation

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5
Q

dysplasia?

A

abnormal (NON NEOPLASTIC)proliferation of cells with loss of size shape and orientation in comparison to normal tissue maturation –> commonly pre-neoplastic

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6
Q

dysplasia - mild vs severe

A

mild –> usually reversible

severe –> usually progress to Ca in situ

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7
Q

Carcinoma is situ (pre-invasive) - definition

A
  1. neoplastic cells have not invaded intact basement membrane
  2. neoplastic cells encompass entire thickness
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8
Q

Carcinoma is situ (pre-invasive) - histological characteristics

A

increased nuclear/cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio and clumped chromatin
neoplastic cells encompass entire thickness

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9
Q

Invasive carcinoma - definition

A

cells have invaded basement membrane

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10
Q

invasive carcinoma - mechanism of invasion

A
  1. using collagenase and hydrolase (metalloproteinases)

2. Cell-cell contacts lost by inactivation of E-cadherin

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11
Q

invasive carcinoma - invade secreting

A

collagenase and hydrolase (metalloproteinases)

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12
Q

invasive carcinoma - cell-cell contact lost by

A

inactivation of E-cadherin

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13
Q

metastasis - definition

A

spread of cancer cells to distant organs

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14
Q

theory of metastasis

A

seed and soil:
seed=tumor embolus
soil=target organ is often the first encountered capillary bed

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15
Q

hypertrophy vs hyperplasia

A

hypertrophy –> increase in size of cells

hyperplasia –> increase in number of cells

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16
Q

metplasia - definition

A

one adult cell type is replaced by another

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17
Q

metaplasia in often secondary to (risk factors)

and examples / fate

A
  1. irritation (eg. Barret esophagus)
  2. environmental exposure (eg. smoking-induced tracheal/bronchial squamous metaplasia)
    fate: reversible is irritant is removed byt may undegro malignant transformation with persistent insult
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18
Q

neoplasia - definition

A

an uncontrolled and excessive clonal proliferation of cells –> can be benign or malignant

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19
Q

anaplasia - definition

A

loss of structural differentiation and function of cells RESEMBLING PRIMITIVE CELLS OF SAME TISSUE

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20
Q

anaplasia - may see

A

giant cells with single large nucleus or several nuclei

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21
Q

desmoplasia - definition and example

A

fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

ex. linitis plastica in diffuse stomach cancer

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22
Q

tumor grade?

A

degree of cellular differentiation and mitotic activity on histology

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23
Q

tumor grade - numbers and meanings

A

1-4
1 = low grade (well differentiated)
4 = hig grade (poorly differentiated, anaplastic)

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24
Q

tumor stage?

A

degree of localization/spread based on site and size of 1ry lesion, spread to regional lymph nodes, presence of metastasis

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25
tumor stage is based on .... findings
clinical (c) or pathology (p) findings
26
tumor stage - TNM?
``` T = Tumor size N= Node involvement M = Metastasis ```
27
TNM and prognosis
each TNM factor has independent prognostic value | M factor often most important
28
tumor grade vs stage according prognosis
stage almost always has more prognostic value than grade
29
epithelial origin malignancy | mesenchymal origin malignancy
carcinoma | sarcoma
30
carcinoma vs sarcoma according origin
carcinoma --> epithelial origin | sarcoma --> mesenchymal origin
31
carcinomas vs sarcomas according the way of spreading
carcinomas --> lymphatics | sarcomas --> hematogenously
32
terms for non-neoplastic malformations include ... (and definitions) and examples
1. hamartomas --> disorganized overgrowth of tissues in their native location --> Peutz-Jeghers polyps 2. choristomas --> normal tissue in a foreign location --> gastric tissue located in small bowel in Meckel diverticulum
33
benign tumor - characteristics
well differentiated, well demarcated, low mitotic activity, no metastasis, no necrosis
34
malignant tumor - characteristics
poor differentation, erratic growth, local invasion, metastasis, low apoptosis (and upregulation of telomerase)
35
terminology - benign epithelium neoplasm
adenoma (glandular epithelium) | papilloma (squamous epithelium)
36
benign and malignant tumors of blood cells
benign: - malignant: leukemia/lymphoma
37
benign and malignant tumors of blood vessels
benign: hemangioma malignant: angiosarcoma
38
benign and malignant tumors of smooth muscle
benign: leiomyoma malignant: leiomyosarcoma
39
benign and malignant tumors of striated muscle
benign: rhabdomyoma malignant: rhabdomyosaroma
40
benign and malignant tumors of connective tissue
benign: fibroma malignant: fibrosarcoma
41
benign and malignant tumors of bone
bengin: osteoma malignant: osteosarcoma
42
benign and malignant tumors of fat
bengin: lipoma malignant: liposarcoma
43
benign and malignant tumors of melanocyte
bengin: nevus/mole malignant: melanoma
44
P-glycoprotein - AKA/seen in
- Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) | - Classically seen in adrenal cell ca, but also can expressed by other cacner cells (eg. colon. liver)
45
P-glycoprotein (MDR1) - mechanism
pump out toxins, including chemotherapeutic agents (one mechanism of decreased responsiveness or resistance to chemotherapy over time)
46
malignant tumor - upergulation of telomerase -->
prevents chromosome shortening and cell death
47
cachexia - definition
weight loss, muscle atrophy and fatigue that occur in chronic disease
48
examples of chronic diseases that causes cachexia
1. cancer 2. AIDS 3. heart failure 4. TB
49
cachexia is mediated by
1. TNF-α 2. INF-γ 3. IL-1 4. IL-6
50
TNF-α nickname
cachectin
51
cancer epidemiology - incidence in males (1-3)
1. prostate 2. Lung 3. colon/rectum
52
cancer epidemiology - incidence in females (1-3)
1. breast 2. Lung 3. collon/rectume
53
incidence evaluation of lung cancer in males vs females
lung cancer incidence has dropped in men, but has not changed significantly in women
54
cancer epidemiology - mortality in males (1-3)
1. Lung 2. Prostate 3. Colon/rectum
55
cancer epidemiology - mortality in females (1-3)
1. Lung 2. breast 3. Colon/rectum
56
1st and 2nd leading cause of death in United States
1. heart disease | 2. cancer
57
1ry tumors that give metastasis to brain (from the MC)
lung > breast > prostate > melanoma > GI
58
MC tumor of brain
50% of brain tumors are metastasis
59
appearance of brain metastasis in imaging
commonly seen as multiple well-circumscribed tumors at gray/white matter junction
60
1ry tumors that give metastasis to liver (from the MC)
Collon >> stomach > pancreas
61
1ry tumors that give metastasis to bone (from the MC)
prostate,breast > lung,thyroid,kidnry
62
breast - type of metastasis to bone
mixed
63
lung - type of metastasis to bone
mixed
64
thyroid - types of metastasis to bone
lytic
65
kidney - types of metastasis to bone
lytic
66
prostate - type of metastasis to bone
blastic
67
bone metastasis - predilection to (area)
axial skeleton
68
blastic metastasis to bone - from
prostate
69
MC types sites of metastasis
liver and lung after the regional lymph nodes
70
chrostima vs hamartoma according their definition
choristoma --> normal tissue in a foreign location

Pathology FA (4 decks)

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