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Pathology FA > neoplasia general > Flashcards

neoplasia general Flashcards

1
Q

Hallmarks of cancer

A
  1. evasion of apoptosis
  2. growth signal cell-sufficiency
  3. anti-growth signal insensitivity
  4. sustained angiogenesis
  5. limitless replicative potential
  6. tissue invasion
  7. metastasis
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2
Q

neoplastic progression

A

normal cells –> dysplasia –> Ca in situ –> invasive Ca

–> metastasis

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3
Q

hyperplasia?

A

increase in cell numbers

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4
Q

normal epithelial cells - from basal to apical

A

differentiation

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5
Q

dysplasia?

A

abnormal (NON NEOPLASTIC)proliferation of cells with loss of size shape and orientation in comparison to normal tissue maturation –> commonly pre-neoplastic

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6
Q

dysplasia - mild vs severe

A

mild –> usually reversible

severe –> usually progress to Ca in situ

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7
Q

Carcinoma is situ (pre-invasive) - definition

A
  1. neoplastic cells have not invaded intact basement membrane
  2. neoplastic cells encompass entire thickness
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8
Q

Carcinoma is situ (pre-invasive) - histological characteristics

A

increased nuclear/cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio and clumped chromatin
neoplastic cells encompass entire thickness

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9
Q

Invasive carcinoma - definition

A

cells have invaded basement membrane

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10
Q

invasive carcinoma - mechanism of invasion

A
  1. using collagenase and hydrolase (metalloproteinases)

2. Cell-cell contacts lost by inactivation of E-cadherin

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11
Q

invasive carcinoma - invade secreting

A

collagenase and hydrolase (metalloproteinases)

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12
Q

invasive carcinoma - cell-cell contact lost by

A

inactivation of E-cadherin

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13
Q

metastasis - definition

A

spread of cancer cells to distant organs

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14
Q

theory of metastasis

A

seed and soil:
seed=tumor embolus
soil=target organ is often the first encountered capillary bed

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15
Q

hypertrophy vs hyperplasia

A

hypertrophy –> increase in size of cells

hyperplasia –> increase in number of cells

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16
Q

metplasia - definition

A

one adult cell type is replaced by another

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17
Q

metaplasia in often secondary to (risk factors)

and examples / fate

A
  1. irritation (eg. Barret esophagus)
  2. environmental exposure (eg. smoking-induced tracheal/bronchial squamous metaplasia)
    fate: reversible is irritant is removed byt may undegro malignant transformation with persistent insult
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18
Q

neoplasia - definition

A

an uncontrolled and excessive clonal proliferation of cells –> can be benign or malignant

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19
Q

anaplasia - definition

A

loss of structural differentiation and function of cells RESEMBLING PRIMITIVE CELLS OF SAME TISSUE

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20
Q

anaplasia - may see

A

giant cells with single large nucleus or several nuclei

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21
Q

desmoplasia - definition and example

A

fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

ex. linitis plastica in diffuse stomach cancer

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22
Q

tumor grade?

A

degree of cellular differentiation and mitotic activity on histology

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23
Q

tumor grade - numbers and meanings

A

1-4
1 = low grade (well differentiated)
4 = hig grade (poorly differentiated, anaplastic)

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24
Q

tumor stage?

A

degree of localization/spread based on site and size of 1ry lesion, spread to regional lymph nodes, presence of metastasis

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25
Q

tumor stage is based on …. findings

A

clinical (c) or pathology (p) findings

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26
Q

tumor stage - TNM?

A 
T = Tumor size
N= Node involvement
M = Metastasis
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27
Q

TNM and prognosis

A

each TNM factor has independent prognostic value

M factor often most important

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28
Q

tumor grade vs stage according prognosis

A

stage almost always has more prognostic value than grade

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29
Q

epithelial origin malignancy

mesenchymal origin malignancy

A

carcinoma

sarcoma

30
Q

carcinoma vs sarcoma according origin

A

carcinoma –> epithelial origin

sarcoma –> mesenchymal origin

31
Q

carcinomas vs sarcomas according the way of spreading

A

carcinomas –> lymphatics

sarcomas –> hematogenously

32
Q

terms for non-neoplastic malformations include … (and definitions) and examples

A
  1. hamartomas –> disorganized overgrowth of tissues in their native location –> Peutz-Jeghers polyps
  2. choristomas –> normal tissue in a foreign location –> gastric tissue located in small bowel in Meckel diverticulum
33
Q

benign tumor - characteristics

A

well differentiated, well demarcated, low mitotic activity, no metastasis, no necrosis

34
Q

malignant tumor - characteristics

A

poor differentation, erratic growth, local invasion, metastasis, low apoptosis (and upregulation of telomerase)

35
Q

terminology - benign epithelium neoplasm

A

adenoma (glandular epithelium)

papilloma (squamous epithelium)

36
Q

benign and malignant tumors of blood cells

A

benign: -
malignant: leukemia/lymphoma

37
Q

benign and malignant tumors of blood vessels

A

benign: hemangioma
malignant: angiosarcoma

38
Q

benign and malignant tumors of smooth muscle

A

benign: leiomyoma
malignant: leiomyosarcoma

39
Q

benign and malignant tumors of striated muscle

A

benign: rhabdomyoma
malignant: rhabdomyosaroma

40
Q

benign and malignant tumors of connective tissue

A

benign: fibroma
malignant: fibrosarcoma

41
Q

benign and malignant tumors of bone

A

bengin: osteoma
malignant: osteosarcoma

42
Q

benign and malignant tumors of fat

A

bengin: lipoma
malignant: liposarcoma

43
Q

benign and malignant tumors of melanocyte

A

bengin: nevus/mole
malignant: melanoma

44
Q

P-glycoprotein - AKA/seen in

A
  • Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1)

- Classically seen in adrenal cell ca, but also can expressed by other cacner cells (eg. colon. liver)

45
Q

P-glycoprotein (MDR1) - mechanism

A

pump out toxins, including chemotherapeutic agents (one mechanism of decreased responsiveness or resistance to chemotherapy over time)

46
Q

malignant tumor - upergulation of telomerase –>

A

prevents chromosome shortening and cell death

47
Q

cachexia - definition

A

weight loss, muscle atrophy and fatigue that occur in chronic disease

48
Q

examples of chronic diseases that causes cachexia

A
  1. cancer 2. AIDS 3. heart failure 4. TB
49
Q

cachexia is mediated by

A
  1. TNF-α 2. INF-γ 3. IL-1 4. IL-6
50
Q

TNF-α nickname

A

cachectin

51
Q

cancer epidemiology - incidence in males (1-3)

A
  1. prostate 2. Lung 3. colon/rectum
52
Q

cancer epidemiology - incidence in females (1-3)

A
  1. breast 2. Lung 3. collon/rectume
53
Q

incidence evaluation of lung cancer in males vs females

A

lung cancer incidence has dropped in men, but has not changed significantly in women

54
Q

cancer epidemiology - mortality in males (1-3)

A
  1. Lung 2. Prostate 3. Colon/rectum
55
Q

cancer epidemiology - mortality in females (1-3)

A
  1. Lung 2. breast 3. Colon/rectum
56
Q

1st and 2nd leading cause of death in United States

A
  1. heart disease

2. cancer

57
Q

1ry tumors that give metastasis to brain (from the MC)

A

lung > breast > prostate > melanoma > GI

58
Q

MC tumor of brain

A

50% of brain tumors are metastasis

59
Q

appearance of brain metastasis in imaging

A

commonly seen as multiple well-circumscribed tumors at gray/white matter junction

60
Q

1ry tumors that give metastasis to liver (from the MC)

A

Collon&raquo_space; stomach > pancreas

61
Q

1ry tumors that give metastasis to bone (from the MC)

A

prostate,breast > lung,thyroid,kidnry

62
Q

breast - type of metastasis to bone

A

mixed

63
Q

lung - type of metastasis to bone

A

mixed

64
Q

thyroid - types of metastasis to bone

A

lytic

65
Q

kidney - types of metastasis to bone

A

lytic

66
Q

prostate - type of metastasis to bone

A

blastic

67
Q

bone metastasis - predilection to (area)

A

axial skeleton

68
Q

blastic metastasis to bone - from

A

prostate

69
Q

MC types sites of metastasis

A

liver and lung after the regional lymph nodes

70
Q

chrostima vs hamartoma according their definition

A

choristoma –> normal tissue in a foreign location

Pathology FA (4 decks)

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