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Hunts 1A > Onc part 1 stats > Flashcards

Onc part 1 stats Flashcards

1
Q

Both genders cancer MC

A

Breast
prostate
lung
colon

gender specific x 2 + lung colon

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2
Q

Deaths MC male

A

lung
prostate
colon
pancreas

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3
Q

Deaths female MC

A

Lung
Breast
Prostate
Colon
Pancreas

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4
Q

Female MC cancer

A

Breast
Lung
Colon
Uterine

gender specific + lung, colon + gender specific

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5
Q

Male MC cancer

A

Prostate
Lung
Colon
Bladder

gender specific + lung, colon + gender specific

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6
Q

Overall trend

A

Number of new cases increasing but deaths decreasing

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7
Q

how many deaths caused by cancer

A

1 in 4

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8
Q

how many cancer cases projected in 2024?

A

2M+ cancer cases projected in 2024

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9
Q

What racial group is cancer most deadly

A

African American

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10
Q

Most significant risk factor for cancer

A

age
2/3 caused by those older than 65

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11
Q

Global cancer trends

A

India is lip and oral cavity cancer – from chewing tobacco

Globally lung is the most common for men, and breast cancer for women

Mongolia is liver – Hep, C and alcohol abuse

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12
Q

3 factors cause cancer

A

Exposure to certain environmental factors (including diet, hormones)
Genetic makeup
Age and gender

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13
Q

Example of primary prevention

A

a genetic test reveals someone at risk for breast cancer.
chemopreventive agents or prophylactic surgery to avoid the cancer altogether

promote a healthy lifestyle to avoid all cancer

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14
Q

How big of a part does genes play in developing cancer

A

5%

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15
Q

MC smoking cancer

A

lung #1
upper aerodigestive tract and bladder

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16
Q

cigars

A

doubles risk for
Oral cancer
Esophageal cancer
when compared to cigarretes

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17
Q

Smokeless tobacco

A

dental caries, gingivitis, oral leukoplakia, and oral cancer
esophageal

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18
Q

Primary prevention includes

A

Tobacco cessation
Physical activity
Eating right, dietary modifications
Avoiding alcohol

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19
Q

Diets high in fat…

A

Increase cancer of breast, colon, prostate, and endometrium

Female+male + colon

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20
Q

Dietary fiber

A

reduces risk of colon polyps and invasive colon cancer

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21
Q

Recommendation to avoid what for colon cancer?

A

Avoid red meat, limit fat, stay away from processed meat like hot dogs, ham, sausages, deli meat. red meats are beef, pork, and lamb.
Recommend to focus on plant foods and fiber.
Obesity also leads to cancer so another reason to eat healthy.

22
Q

Alcohol cancer?

A

mouth –> stomach incl. esophagus.
liver
breast

23
Q

Examples of secondary prevention?

A

early detection & treatment
screening for cervical, colon, prostate, breast for certain age groups
lung cancer based on hx

sens, spec, ppv, npv apply to the screening tests

24
Q

Avoiding carcinogens is an example of what

A

primary prevention

25
Q

breast cancer screening , how often

A

Ages 40-44 have the option to start screening with a mammogram every year.
Women 45 to 54 should get mammograms every year.
Women 55 and older can switch to a mammogram every other year, or they can choose to continue yearly mammograms. Screening should continue as long as a woman is in good health and is expected to live at least 10 more years.

Some women – because of their family history, a genetic tendency, or certain other factors – should be screened with MRI in addition to mammograms.

26
Q

CBE and/or SBE?

A

Clinical breast exam (CBE) is no longer recommended for women of average-risk
Women should know how their breasts normally look and feel and report any breast change promptly to their health care provider.
Breast self-exam (BSE) is an option for women starting in their 20s.

27
Q

The only time a clinical breast exam is done

A

In some situations, particularly for women at higher-than-average risk, for example, health care providers may still offer clinical breast exams.

28
Q

breast cancer screening recommendations for HIGH risk patients

A

High risk = clinician exam, breast MRI yearly, mammo yearly, starting at age 30. the images are done 6 months apart.

29
Q

Who is rated high risk for breast cancer?

A
  • BRCA1/2 gene or 1st degree relative with it

-family history of breast cancer

  • radiation therapy under 30
  • Lifraumeni, Cowden, Bannavan-Riley-Ruvalcaba (or 1st deg. relative)
30
Q

Colon Cancer screenings begin at

A

Age 45 through age 75.

31
Q

Tests that only find colon cancer

A

yearly fecal occult test
yearly fecal immunochemical test
Stool DNA test

32
Q

Tests that find both colon polyps and cancer

A

felxible sigmoidscopy every 5 years
colonoscopy every 10 years
double contrast barium enema every 5 years
CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy) every 5 years

33
Q

How often are paps and HPV tests done

A

ACS - 25 and up - HPV every 5 yrs and paps are done every 3 yrs
USPTF - paps start at age 21, every 3 years. At age 30, same rec. as ACS

34
Q

Staging vs monitoring

A

Monitoring detects reappearance. Staging detects extent, progression, and tx plan

35
Q

What words to avoid and what words to use when delivering cancer news

A

Good = cancer, malignant
Bad = fatal, terminal

36
Q

Chance of cancer causing depression and how to diagnose depression

A

at least 2 weeks.
3 or more factors.

37
Q

Meds for cancer caused depression

A

fluexotine, sertraline, paroxetine
(SSRIs) or TCA
4-6 weeks for response, use for at least 6 months

38
Q

first major determinant of treatment outcome/prognosis

A

Tumor burden
-understanding the extent of the disease

39
Q

How does TNM contribute to staging

A

You have a chart w/ corresponding TMN sections that tell you what stage the patient is in

T = tumor size, invasion
N = lymph node
M = metastasis

40
Q

which cancers don’t use the TNM staging method

A

hematopoietic tumors such as leukemia, myeloma, and lymphoma are often disseminated at presentation and do not spread like solid tumors.

41
Q

What do we use to measure physiological reserve

A

Karnofsky, ECOG (Eastern cooperative oncology group)

-100 normal for karn (0 to 100), 0 dead
-5 is dead for ecog (0-5)

42
Q

What is a bad physiological reserve

A

Old patient with Karn less than 70, or ECOG 3 or more

43
Q

Can tumor markers diagnose?

A

No!
Only a tissue bx can.
Tumor markers are used to assess response to treatment.

44
Q

CA-125

A

ovarian cancer, some lymphomas,
Menstruation, peritonitis, pregnancy

45
Q

CA 19-9

A

Colon, pancreatic, breast cancer
Pancreatitis, ulcerative colitis

46
Q

Prostate-specific antigen

A

Prostate cancer
Prostitis, prostatic hypertrophy

47
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase

A

Lymphoma, Ewing’s sarcoma
Hepatitis, hemolytic anemia

48
Q

Carcinoembryonic antigen

A

Adenocarcinomas of the colon, pancreas, lung, breast, ovary

49
Q

a Fetoprotein

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma, gonadal germ cell tumor
Cirrhosis, hepatitis

50
Q

Calcitonin

A

Medullary cancer of the thyroid

51
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

A

Gestational trophoblastic disease, gonadal germ cell tumor
Pregnancy

Hunts 1A (18 decks)

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